The internet of things: a survey

doi:10.1007/S10796-014-9492-7

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The internet of things: a survey

Journal Article•DOI•

The internet of things: a survey

Shancang Li¹, Li Da Xu², Shanshan Zhao³•Institutions (3)

University of Bristol¹, Old Dominion University², University of the West of Scotland³

01 Apr 2015-Information Systems Frontiers (Springer US)-Vol. 17, Iss: 2, pp 243-259

TL;DR: The definitions, architecture, fundamental technologies, and applications of IoT are systematically reviewed and the major challenges which need addressing by the research community and corresponding potential solutions are investigated.

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Abstract: In recent year, the Internet of Things (IoT) has drawn significant research attention. IoT is considered as a part of the Internet of the future and will comprise billions of intelligent communicating `things'. The future of the Internet will consist of heterogeneously connected devices that will further extend the borders of the world with physical entities and virtual components. The Internet of Things (IoT) will empower the connected things with new capabilities. In this survey, the definitions, architecture, fundamental technologies, and applications of IoT are systematically reviewed. Firstly, various definitions of IoT are introduced; secondly, emerging techniques for the implementation of IoT are discussed; thirdly, some open issues related to the IoT applications are explored; finally, the major challenges which need addressing by the research community and corresponding potential solutions are investigated.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions

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Jayavardhana Gubbi¹, Rajkumar Buyya¹, Slaven Marusic¹, Marimuthu Palaniswami¹•Institutions (1)

University of Melbourne¹

01 Sep 2013-Future Generation Computer Systems

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a cloud centric vision for worldwide implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) and present a Cloud implementation using Aneka, which is based on interaction of private and public Clouds, and conclude their IoT vision by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and distributed computing directed at technological research community.

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9,593 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

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Ala Al-Fuqaha¹, Mohsen Guizani², Mehdi Mohammadi¹, Mohammed Aledhari¹, Moussa Ayyash³ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (3)

Western Michigan University¹, Qatar University², Chicago State University³

15 Jun 2015-IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials

TL;DR: An overview of the Internet of Things with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues, and some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature are provided and a summary of related research work is provided.

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Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

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6,131 citations

Cites background from "The internet of things: a survey"

...[2] covers the main communication enabling technologies, wired and wireless and the elements of wireless sensor networks (WSNs)....
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...research attempts [2], [3], [15]–[20]....
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...In the recent literature, however, some other models have been proposed that add more abstraction to the IoT architecture [2], [3], [17]–[20]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Internet of Things for Smart Cities

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Andrea Zanella¹, Nicola Bui², Aldo Castellani, Lorenzo Vangelista¹, Michele Zorzi¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

University of Padua¹, IMDEA Networks²

14 Feb 2014-IEEE Internet of Things Journal

TL;DR: This paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.

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Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) shall be able to incorporate transparently and seamlessly a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of a plethora of digital services. Building a general architecture for the IoT is hence a very complex task, mainly because of the extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper, we focus specifically to an urban IoT system that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at exploiting the most advanced communication technologies to support added-value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. This paper hence provides a comprehensive survey of the enabling technologies, protocols, and architecture for an urban IoT. Furthermore, the paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.

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4,335 citations

Cites background from "The internet of things: a survey"

...I. INTRODUCTION T HE Internet of Things (IoT) is a recent communicationparadigm that envisions a near future, in which the objects of everyday life will be equipped with microcontrollers, transceivers for digital communication, and suitable protocol stacks that will make them able to communicate…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Internet of Things in Industries: A Survey

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Li Da Xu¹, Wu He², Shancang Li³•Institutions (3)

Chinese Academy of Sciences¹, Old Dominion University², University of Bristol³

16 Jan 2014-IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics

TL;DR: This review paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art IoT in industries systematically and identifies research trends and challenges.

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Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) has provided a promising opportunity to build powerful industrial systems and applications by leveraging the growing ubiquity of radio-frequency identification (RFID), and wireless, mobile, and sensor devices. A wide range of industrial IoT applications have been developed and deployed in recent years. In an effort to understand the development of IoT in industries, this paper reviews the current research of IoT, key enabling technologies, major IoT applications in industries, and identifies research trends and challenges. A main contribution of this review paper is that it summarizes the current state-of-the-art IoT in industries systematically.

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4,145 citations

Cites background or methods from "The internet of things: a survey"

...The services on the service layer run directly on limited network infrastructures in order to effectively find new services for an application, as they connect to the network....
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...RFID has been widely used in logistics, pharmaceutical production, retailing, and supply chain management, since 1980s [7], [8]....
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...However, the recent research results on SOA-IoT reported [41] that service provisioning process (SPP) can also effectively provide interaction between applications and services....
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...…layer in IoT, designers need to address issues such as network management technologies for heterogonous networks (such as fixed, wireless, mobile, etc.), energy efficiency in networks, QoS requirements, service discovery and retrieval, data and signal processing, security, and privacy [38]....
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...Jia et al. [6] and Domingo [33] propose to divide the IoT system architecture into three major layers: perception layer, network layer, and service layer (or application layer)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey

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Charith Perera, Arkady Zaslavsky, Peter Christen¹, Dimitrios Georgakopoulos•Institutions (1)

Australian National University¹

01 Jan 2014-IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials

TL;DR: This paper surveys context awareness from an IoT perspective and addresses a broad range of techniques, methods, models, functionalities, systems, applications, and middleware solutions related to context awareness and IoT.

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Abstract: As we are moving towards the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of sensors deployed around the world is growing at a rapid pace. Market research has shown a significant growth of sensor deployments over the past decade and has predicted a significant increment of the growth rate in the future. These sensors continuously generate enormous amounts of data. However, in order to add value to raw sensor data we need to understand it. Collection, modelling, reasoning, and distribution of context in relation to sensor data plays critical role in this challenge. Context-aware computing has proven to be successful in understanding sensor data. In this paper, we survey context awareness from an IoT perspective. We present the necessary background by introducing the IoT paradigm and context-aware fundamentals at the beginning. Then we provide an in-depth analysis of context life cycle. We evaluate a subset of projects (50) which represent the majority of research and commercial solutions proposed in the field of context-aware computing conducted over the last decade (2001-2011) based on our own taxonomy. Finally, based on our evaluation, we highlight the lessons to be learnt from the past and some possible directions for future research. The survey addresses a broad range of techniques, methods, models, functionalities, systems, applications, and middleware solutions related to context awareness and IoT. Our goal is not only to analyse, compare and consolidate past research work but also to appreciate their findings and discuss their applicability towards the IoT.

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2,542 citations

Cites background from "The internet of things: a survey"

...The application domain can be mainly divided in to three categories based on their focus [23], [4]: industry, environment,...
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...The main reasons behind this interest are the capabilities that the IoT [22], [23] will offer....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges

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Daniele Miorandi, Sabrina Sicari¹, Francesco De Pellegrini, Imrich Chlamtac•Institutions (1)

University of Insubria¹

01 Sep 2012

TL;DR: A survey of technologies, applications and research challenges for Internetof-Things is presented, in which digital and physical entities can be linked by means of appropriate information and communication technologies to enable a whole new class of applications and services.

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Abstract: The term ‘‘Internet-of-Things’’ is used as an umbrella keyword for covering various aspects related to the extension of the Internet and the Web into the physical realm, by means of the widespread deployment of spatially distributed devices with embedded identification, sensing and/or actuation capabilities. Internet-of-Things envisions a future in which digital and physical entities can be linked, by means of appropriate information and communication technologies, to enable a whole new class of applications and services. In this article, we present a survey of technologies, applications and research challenges for Internetof-Things.

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3,172 citations

"The internet of things: a survey" refers background in this paper

...Evolutions of these technologies bring new technologies to IoT (Deng et al. 2010; Kranenburg and Anzelmo 2011; Li et al. 2012a, b; Malatras et al. 2008; Miorandi et al. 2012; Pautasso and Wilde 2009; Peris-Lopez et al. 2006; Vermesan 2013; Wang 2012)....
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...Examples of RFID integrated sensors are On/Off-board locating sensor, sensor tags, independent tag and sensor devices, and RFID reading systems (Pretz 2013; Miorandi et al. 2012)....
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...Since 2010 (Kranenburg and Anzelmo 2011; Malatras et al. 2008; Miorandi et al. 2012), with the advances in intelligent sensors, low energy wireless communication, and sensor network technologies, a large number of ‘things’ can be networked as an IoT (Li and Liu 2012; Welbourne et al. 2009)....
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...The emerging wearable body sensor networks (WBSNs) were developed to monitor patient activities or medical parameters continuously (Miorandi et al. 2012)....
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...Since 2010 (Kranenburg and Anzelmo 2011; Malatras et al. 2008; Miorandi et al. 2012), with the advances in intelligent sensors, low energy wireless communication, and sensor network technologies, a large number of ‘things’ can be networked as an IoT (Li and Liu 2012; Welbourne et al....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

RFID security and privacy: a research survey

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Ari Juels

01 Sep 2006-IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications

TL;DR: This survey examines approaches proposed by scientists for privacy protection and integrity assurance in RFID systems, and treats the social and technical context of their work.

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Abstract: This paper surveys recent technical research on the problems of privacy and security for radio frequency identification (RFID). RFID tags are small, wireless devices that help identify objects and people. Thanks to dropping cost, they are likely to proliferate into the billions in the next several years-and eventually into the trillions. RFID tags track objects in supply chains, and are working their way into the pockets, belongings, and even the bodies of consumers. This survey examines approaches proposed by scientists for privacy protection and integrity assurance in RFID systems, and treats the social and technical context of their work. While geared toward the nonspecialist, the survey may also serve as a reference for specialist readers.

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1,994 citations

"The internet of things: a survey" refers background or methods in this paper

...Objects in an IoT must be able to communicate and exchange data with each other autonomously (Juels 2006; Mitrokotsa et al. 2013)....
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...For example, Juels proposed the method of “block tag’ to prevent the unauthorized tracing (Juels 2006)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Principled design of the modern Web architecture

[...]

Roy T. Fielding, Richard N. Taylor¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Irvine¹

01 May 2002-ACM Transactions on Internet Technology

TL;DR: The Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style is introduced, developed as an abstract model of the Web architecture and used to guide the redesign and definition of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Uniform Resource Identifiers.

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Abstract: The World Wide Web has succeeded in large part because its software architecture has been designed to meet the needs of an Internet-scale distributed hypermedia application. The modern Web architecture emphasizes scalability of component interactions, generality of interfaces, independent deployment of components, and intermediary components to reduce interaction latency, enforce security, and encapsulate legacy systems. In this article we introduce the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style, developed as an abstract model of the Web architecture and used to guide our redesign and definition of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Uniform Resource Identifiers. We describe the software engineering principles guiding REST and the interaction constraints chosen to retain those principles, contrasting them to the constraints of other architectural styles. We then compare the abstract model to the currently deployed Web architecture in order to elicit mismatches between the existing protocols and the applications they are intended to support.

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1,581 citations

"The internet of things: a survey" refers background or methods in this paper

...For example, the stage of use authentication involves the developments of access control and trust management (Fielding and Taylor 2002; Frenken et al. 2008; Hepp et al. 2007)....
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...The homophily (Fielding and Taylor 2002) method is proposed to establish higher levels of trust; it can be helpful to optimize relationships among things (EPCglobal 2013; Li et al. 2012a, b)....
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...Fielding and Taylor (2002) investigated the potential of SIoT to support novel applications and networking services....
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...People could track the usage of the things and monitor any variables or objects; the collected data can be utilized to reduce wastes and costs (Fielding and Taylor 2002)....
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...The IoT is initiated by the use of RFID technology, which is increasingly used in logistics, pharmaceutical production, retail, and diverse industries (Fielding and Taylor 2002; Guinard et al. 2010; Guinard et al. 2009; Xu 2011b)....
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Proceedings Article•DOI•

Principled design of the modern Web architecture

[...]

Roy T. Fielding¹, Richard N. Taylor¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Irvine¹

01 Jun 2000

TL;DR: The Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style is introduced, developed as an abstract model of the Web architecture to guide the redesign and definition of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Uniform Resource Identifiers.

...read moreread less

Abstract: The World Wide Web has succeeded in large part because its software architecture has been designed to meet the needs of an Internet-scale distributed hypermedia system. The modern Web architecture emphasizes scalability of component interactions, generality of interfaces, independent deployment of components, and intermediary components to reduce interaction latency, enforce security, and encapsulate legacy systems. In this paper, we introduce the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style, developed as an abstract model of the Web architecture to guide our redesign and definition of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Uniform Resource Identifiers. We describe the software engineering principles guiding REST and the interaction constraints chosen to retain those principles, contrasting them to the constraints of other architectural styles. We then compare the abstract model to the currently deployed Web architecture in order to elicit mismatches between the existing protocols and the applications they are intended to support.

...read moreread less

1,493 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Building the Internet of Things Using RFID: The RFID Ecosystem Experience

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Evan Welbourne¹, Leilani Battle¹, Garret Cole¹, K. Gould¹, Kyle Rector¹, S. Raymer¹, Magdalena Balazinska¹, Gaetano Borriello¹ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (1)

University of Washington¹

01 May 2009-IEEE Internet Computing

TL;DR: A suite of Web-based, user-level tools and applications designed to empower users by facilitating their understanding, management, and control of personal RFID data and privacy settings are developed.

...read moreread less

Abstract: At the University of Washington, the RFID ecosystem creates a microcosm for the Internet of Things. The authors developed a suite of Web-based, user-level tools and applications designed to empower users by facilitating their understanding, management, and control of personal RFID data and privacy settings. They deployed these applications in the RFID ecosystem and conducted a four-week user study to measure trends in adoption and utilization of the tools and applications as well as users' qualitative reactions.

...read moreread less

649 citations

"The internet of things: a survey" refers background in this paper

...Meanwhile, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is responsible to make the policies related to IoT (Floerkemeier et al. 2007; Gama et al. 2012; Welbourne et al. 2009)....
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...Marry (2013) and Welbourne et al. (2009) discussed the combination of social relationships into the future Internet....
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...Since 2010 (Kranenburg and Anzelmo 2011; Malatras et al. 2008; Miorandi et al. 2012), with the advances in intelligent sensors, low energy wireless communication, and sensor network technologies, a large number of ‘things’ can be networked as an IoT (Li and Liu 2012; Welbourne et al. 2009)....
[...]