The INTERPHONE study: Design, epidemiological methods, and description of the study population
International Agency for Research on Cancer1, University of Sydney2, Karolinska Institutet3, Cancer Council Victoria4, University of Leeds5, Tel Aviv University6, Sheba Medical Center7, University of Mainz8, University of Tampere9, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority10, Bielefeld University11, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health12, University of Western Australia13, Claude Bernard University Lyon 114, Istituto Superiore di Sanità15, University of Ottawa16, Health Protection Agency17, University of British Columbia18, University of Nottingham19, Université du Québec20, Massey University21, German Cancer Research Center22, Université de Montréal23, Tokyo Metropolitan University24, Keio University25, National Institute of Occupational Health26, University of Auckland27
TL;DR: The INTERPHONE study is the largest case–control study to date investigating risks related to mobile phone use and to other potential risk factors for the tumours of interest and includes 2,765 glioma, 2,425 meningiomas, 1,121 acoustic neurinoma, 109 malignant parotid gland tumour cases and 7,658 controls.
Abstract: The very rapid worldwide increase in mobile phone use in the last decade has generated considerable interest in the possible health effects of exposure to radio frequency (RF) fields. A multinational case-control study, INTERPHONE, was set-up to investigate whether mobile phone use increases the risk of cancer and, more specifically, whether the RF fields emitted by mobile phones are carcinogenic. The study focused on tumours arising in the tissues most exposed to RF fields from mobile phones: glioma, meningioma, acoustic neurinoma and parotid gland tumours. In addition to a detailed history of mobile phone use, information was collected on a number of known and potential risk factors for these tumours. The study was conducted in 13 countries. Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the UK using a common core protocol. This paper describes the study design and methods and the main characteristics of the study population. INTERPHONE is the largest case-control study to date investigating risks related to mobile phone use and to other potential risk factors for the tumours of interest and includes 2,765 glioma, 2,425 meningioma, 1,121 acoustic neurinoma, 109 malignant parotid gland tumour cases and 7,658 controls. Particular attention was paid to estimating the amount and direction of potential recall and participation biases and their impact on the study results.
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TL;DR: The Generation R Study is a population-based prospective cohort study designed to identify early environmental and genetic causes and causal pathways leading to normal and abnormal growth, development and health from fetal life, childhood and young adulthood.
Abstract: The Generation R Study is a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until young adulthood. The study is designed to identify early environmental and genetic causes of normal and abnormal growth, development and health during fetal life, childhood and adulthood. The study focuses on four primary areas of research: (1) growth and physical development; (2) behavioural and cognitive development; (3) diseases in childhood; and (4) health and healthcare for pregnant women and children. In total, 9,778 mothers with a delivery date from April 2002 until January 2006 were enrolled in the study. General follow-up rates until the age of 4 years exceed 75%. Data collection in mothers, fathers and preschool children included questionnaires, detailed physical and ultrasound examinations, behavioural observations, and biological samples. A genome wide association screen is available in the participating children. Regular detailed hands on assessment are performed from the age of 5 years onwards. Eventually, results forthcoming from the Generation R Study have to contribute to the development of strategies for optimizing health and healthcare for pregnant women and children.
838 citations
Cites methods from "The INTERPHONE study: Design, epide..."
...New methods for contacting participants, which have been used in other more recently started studies, including use of internet, sms and e-mail, are currently being explored [92, 252–262]....
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University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1, French Institute of Health and Medical Research2, Umeå University3, University of Bonn4, Karolinska Institutet5, University of Zurich6, German Cancer Research Center7, University of Leeds8, Baylor College of Medicine9, University of Nottingham10, Council on Education for Public Health11
TL;DR: Meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies by genotyping 550K tagging SNPs shows that common low-penetrance susceptibility alleles contribute to the risk of developing glioma and provide insight into disease causation of this primary brain tumor.
Abstract: To identify risk variants for glioma, we conducted a meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies by genotyping 550K tagging SNPs in a total of 1,878 cases and 3,670 controls, with validation in three additional independent series totaling 2,545 cases and 2,953 controls. We identified five risk loci for glioma at 5p15.33 (rs2736100, TERT; P = 1.50 x 10(-17)), 8q24.21 (rs4295627, CCDC26; P = 2.34 x 10(-18)), 9p21.3 (rs4977756, CDKN2A-CDKN2B; P = 7.24 x 10(-15)), 20q13.33 (rs6010620, RTEL1; P = 2.52 x 10(-12)) and 11q23.3 (rs498872, PHLDB1; P = 1.07 x 10(-8)). These data show that common low-penetrance susceptibility alleles contribute to the risk of developing glioma and provide insight into disease causation of this primary brain tumor.
763 citations
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center1, Baylor College of Medicine2, Umeå University3, Case Western Reserve University4, University of Illinois at Chicago5, Duke University6, National Institutes of Health7, Ohio State University8, Sheba Medical Center9, German Cancer Research Center10, University of California, San Francisco11, University of California, Berkeley12
TL;DR: In this report, BTEC epidemiologists reviewed the group's consensus on the current state of scientific findings, and they present a consensus on research priorities to identify which important areas the science should move to address.
Abstract: Epidemiologists in the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) have prioritized areas for further research. Although many risk factors have been examined over the past several decades, there are few consistent findings, possibly because of small sample sizes in individual studies and differences between studies in patients, tumor types, and methods of classification. Individual studies generally have lacked samples of sufficient size to examine interactions. A major priority based on available evidence and technologies includes expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology of brain tumors. BTEC has taken an active role in promoting understudied groups, such as pediatric brain tumors; the etiology of rare glioma subtypes, such as oligodendroglioma; and meningioma, which, although it is not uncommon, has only recently been registered systematically in the United States. There also is a pressing need for more researchers, especially junior investigators, to study brain tumor epidemiology. However, relatively poor funding for brain tumor research has made it difficult to encourage careers in this area. In this report, BTEC epidemiologists reviewed the group's consensus on the current state of scientific findings, and they present a consensus on research priorities to identify which important areas the science should move to address.
757 citations
Cites methods from "The INTERPHONE study: Design, epide..."
...Union countries using a common protocol for the inclusion of cases and controls and for data collection using the same questionnaire.(68,69) Between 2000 and 2003, the study recruited 2708 patients with glio-...
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TL;DR: This review gives an overview of the role of caspases, their natural modulators like IAPs, FLIPs, and Smac/Diablo in apoptosis and upon inactivation, and also in cancer development and some of the direct activators of procaspase-3.
Abstract: The inactivation of programmed cell death has profound effects not only on the development but also on the overall integrity of multicellular organisms. Beside developmental abnormalities, it may l ...
649 citations
Cites background or methods from "The INTERPHONE study: Design, epide..."
...The five case–control series of PBTs were assembled in the Thames regions of Southeast England; the Northern UK including central Scotland, the West Midlands, West Yorkshire, and the Trent area; the Stockholm, Lund, Göteborg, and Umeå regions of Sweden; throughout Denmark; and in all regions of Finland except Northern Lapland and Åland.101 They could not find any significant increase in risk of meningioma and caspase-8 D302H....
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...Their study was based on five case–control series that contributed to the international Interphone study.(101) Briefly, the...
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...Denmark; and in all regions of Finland except Northern Lapland and Åland.(101) They could not find any significant increase in risk...
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TL;DR: There were suggestions of an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and error prevent a causal interpretation, and the possible effects of long-term heavy use of mobile phones require further investigation.
Abstract: Conclusions Overall, no increase in risk of glioma or meningioma was observed with use of mobile phones. There were suggestions of an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and error prevent a causal interpretation. The possible effects of long-term heavy use of mobile phones require further investigation.
579 citations
References
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01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: This work states that maximum Likelihood for General Patterns of Missing Data: Introduction and Theory with Ignorable Nonresponse and large-Sample Inference Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimates is likely to be high.
Abstract: Preface.PART I: OVERVIEW AND BASIC APPROACHES.Introduction.Missing Data in Experiments.Complete-Case and Available-Case Analysis, Including Weighting Methods.Single Imputation Methods.Estimation of Imputation Uncertainty.PART II: LIKELIHOOD-BASED APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS OF MISSING DATA.Theory of Inference Based on the Likelihood Function.Methods Based on Factoring the Likelihood, Ignoring the Missing-Data Mechanism.Maximum Likelihood for General Patterns of Missing Data: Introduction and Theory with Ignorable Nonresponse.Large-Sample Inference Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimates.Bayes and Multiple Imputation.PART III: LIKELIHOOD-BASED APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS OF MISSING DATA: APPLICATIONS TO SOME COMMON MODELS.Multivariate Normal Examples, Ignoring the Missing-Data Mechanism.Models for Robust Estimation.Models for Partially Classified Contingency Tables, Ignoring the Missing-Data Mechanism.Mixed Normal and Nonnormal Data with Missing Values, Ignoring the Missing-Data Mechanism.Nonignorable Missing-Data Models.References.Author Index.Subject Index.
18,201 citations
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TL;DR: The results of a Monte Carlo simulation of several confounder selection criteria, including change-in-estimate and collapsibility test criteria, are presented, compared with respect to their impact on inferences regarding the study factor's effect.
Abstract: Much controversy exists regarding proper methods for the selection of variables in confounder control. Many authors condemn any use of significance testing, some encourage such testing, and other propose a mixed approach. This paper presents the results of a Monte Carlo simulation of several confounder selection criteria, including change-in-estimate and collapsibility test criteria. The methods are compared with respect to their impact on inferences regarding the study factor's effect, as measured by test size and power, bias, mean-squared error, and confidence interval coverage rates. In situations in which the best decision (of whether or not to adjust) is not always obvious, the change-in-estimate criterion tends to be superior, though significance testing methods can perform acceptably if their significance levels are set much higher than conventional levels (to values of 0.20 or more).
2,249 citations
TL;DR: This document summarizes current capabilities, research and operational priorities, and plans for further studies that were established at the 2015 USGS workshop on quantitative hazard assessments of earthquake-triggered landsliding and liquefaction in the Czech Republic.
Abstract: .........................................................................................................................................................322 III.
1,051 citations
TL;DR: Data do not support the hypothesis that the recent use of hand-held cellular telephones causes brain tumors, but they are not sufficient to evaluate the risks among long-term, heavy users and for potentially long induction periods.
Abstract: Background Concern has arisen that the use of hand-held cellular telephones might cause brain tumors. If such a risk does exist, the matter would be of considerable public health importance, given the rapid increase worldwide in the use of these devices. Methods We examined the use of cellular telephones in a case–control study of intracranial tumors of the nervous system conducted between 1994 and 1998. We enrolled 782 patients through hospitals in Phoenix, Arizona; Boston; and Pittsburgh; 489 had histologically confirmed glioma, 197 had meningioma, and 96 had acoustic neuroma. The 799 controls were patients admitted to the same hospitals as the patients with brain tumors for a variety of nonmalignant conditions. Results As compared with never, or very rarely, having used a cellular telephone, the relative risks associated with a cumulative use of a cellular telephone for more than 100 hours were 0.9 for glioma (95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 1.6), 0.7 for meningioma (95 percent confidence interv...
491 citations