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The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them, and describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative.
Abstract: What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.
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Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, a traversé l'etude d'une organisation du secteur social et medico-social, comment il est possible to mettre en place un management strategique de la responsabilite sociale dans ces organisations and d'agir, ainsi, sur la performance globale de l'entreprise.
Abstract: La normalisation internationale et l'ethique d'entreprise qui accompagnent la mondialisation ont remis au gout du jour dans les organisations le concept de responsabilite sociale. La responsabilite sociale des entreprises, en tant qu'objet d'etude en sciences de gestion, souleve beaucoup de questions et souffre d'une definition dont les contours sont encore flous. La Responsabilite Sociale des Entreprises (RSE), dont les fondements conceptuels se trouvent dans les travaux de Bowen (1953), signifie l'integration volontaire de preoccupations sociales, environnementales et economiques dans l'activite d'une entreprise et dans ses interactions avec ses parties prenantes . Les organisations souhaitant mettre en place une politique de RSE se trouvent confronter a plusieurs problematiques : comment concevoir et implanter cette politique dans leur structure de la maniere la plus efficace et efficiente possible ? Puis comment manager de facon strategique la RSE de maniere durable ? Nous proposons de voir, a travers l'etude d'une organisation du secteur social et medico-social, comment il est possible de mettre en place un management strategique de la responsabilite sociale dans ces organisations et d'agir, ainsi, sur la performance globale de l'entreprise.

19 citations

Dissertation
31 Mar 2014
TL;DR: In this article, a synoptique of the legitimite of hopitaux publics tunisiens is presented, in which a categorisation spatiale en legitimite "interorganisationnelle" and "extra-organizationnelle", is defined.
Abstract: Cette these est consacree a une analyse synoptique de la legitimite des hopitaux publics tunisiens. Cette legitimite de l’hopital etant construite en interne et en externe par le personnel qui y travaille et les patients qui le frequentent, nous l’avons soumise a une categorisation spatiale en legitimite « intra-organisationnelle » et en legitimite « extra-organisationnelle ». Au niveau intra-organisationnel, les hopitaux publics tunisiens, ayant fait l’objet d’une reforme debutee depuis un peu plus de deux decennies, l’etude de leur legitimite ne pouvait se faire a l’insu de cet evenement. Par ailleurs, etant donne le caractere professionnel des hopitaux publics et leur organisation en plusieurs services specialises, nous avons procede a une scission de leur legitimite en legitimite « professionnelle » et en legitimite de « service ». Ces « sous-legitimites » agregees ensemble ont permis de reconstituer la legitimite globale de l’hopital. L’analyse de la legitimite « intra organisationnelle » s’est faite au moyen d’une analyse qualitative par etude de cas dans deux EPS tunisiens. Pour le cas de la legitimite de la reforme hospitaliere et des mecanismes qui lui ont servi de support, nous avons postule l’existence d’une relation de causalite circulaire entre institutionnalisation et legitimation, la deuxieme etant un prealable a la premiere. Les analyses menees sur l’ensemble des mecanismes de la reforme ont conclu a une faible institutionnalisation, laissant augurer d’une faible legitimation. Pour le cas des legitimites au niveau professionnel et de service, les resultats ont affiche une grande diversite des legitimites en jeu entre les services hospitaliers et une plus grande homogeneite au sein des memes groupes professionnels. Ces resultats attestent du caractere discriminant de l’appartenance au service et professionnelle pour juger de la legitimite de l’hopital. Au niveau extra-organisationnel, la legitimite de l’hopital renvoie a celle developpee par les patients en externe. Nous avons considere deux categories de patients : des patients appeles « classiques » qui s’adressent a l’hopital pour l’obtention de soins et des patients personnel de l’hopital, qui en leur qualite de citoyens peuvent s’y presenter pour se soigner. C’est ainsi que nous avons distingue entre legitimite extra-organisationnelle « profane » et entre legitimite extra-organisationnelle « expertale ». Ces deux sous-legitimites relevent d’une legitimite « experientielle ». Les patients « profanes » et « experts » vont juger de la legitimite de l’hopital en s’appuyant sur leur experience personnelle. Ces deux categories de legitimite, soumises a une classification hierarchique ascendante, ont affiche des divergences considerables, les patients etant plus portes vers des aspects moraux pour juger de la legitimite contrairement au personnel, qui maintient intact son ancrage professionnel, en accordant plus d’importance aux aspects techniques et financiers.

19 citations

01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: Social inclusion as a concept in higher education features the broader elements of outreach activities, access initiatives and engagement of students in the teaching and learning process as discussed by the authors, and the increased importance of social inclusion approaches is attributed
Abstract: Social inclusion as a concept in higher education features the broader elements of outreach activities, access initiatives and engagement of students in the teaching and learning process. The increased importance of social inclusion approaches is attribut

19 citations

Dissertation
05 Mar 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate l'apprentissage organisationnel dans les acquisitions d'entreprises and propose a methodologie de recherche fondee based on an approche post positiviste (qualitative and quantitative).
Abstract: La presente these etudie l'apprentissage organisationnel dans les acquisitions d'entreprises. Nous avons cherche a mesurer l'impact de l'accumulation d'experience des acquisitions d'entreprises et la probabilite de desinvestissement future des dites acquisitions au cours du temps. Notre questionnement repose sur l'idee que 4 dimensions vont influencer cette probabilite de desinvestissement : le temps, le nombre d'acquisitions, leur caractere international et le type d'industrie des cibles. Pour construire et valider nos hypotheses de recherches, nous avons structure notre these autour de cinq chapitres : une analyse de la litterature centree sur l'apprentissage organisationnel dans les acquisitions et les theories sur les desinvestissements d'entreprises; une methodologie de recherche fondee sur une approche post positiviste (qualitative et quantitative); une etude de cas (l'acquisition par le cimentier Lafarge du groupe anglais Blue Circle); une etude quantitative fondee sur l'analyse longitudinale entre 1994 et 2004 de 140 acquisitions realisees aux Etats-Unis, et une discussion sur l'analyse de nos resultats. Sur un plan qualitatif, nos resultats montrent que quatre types de competence en acquisitions peuvent etre envisages en fonction de l'accumulation d'experience des acquisitions et du degre de reconnaissance institutionnelle de cette experience. Nous avons pu observer les nombreux impacts organisationnels d'une acquisition, notamment au cours du processus d'integration. Notre etude de cas est "exemplaire", car Lafarge possede une expertise dans le champ des acquisitions et des integrations d'entreprises. Sur un plan quantitatif, nous avons etudie l'experience pre et post acquisition a trois niveaux (international, metier et experience totale). Nos resultats montrent que les relations validees entre l'accumulation d'experience et la probabilite de desinvestir sont de nature quadratique. Trois de nos hypotheses de recherche sont totalement validees : l'experience totale accumulee post acquisition, l'experience metier pre acquisition et l'experience accumulee post acquisition ont une influence significative sur la probabilite de desinvestir une entreprise.

19 citations

Dissertation
22 Jul 2014
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the literature review of a book, "Literature Review 2.2" and the review of an article, "A Literature Review".
Abstract: 2 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review 2

19 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article synthesize the large but diverse literature on organizational legitimacy, highlighting similarities and disparities among the leading strategic and institutional approaches, and identify three primary forms of legitimacy: pragmatic, based on audience self-interest; moral, based upon normative approval; and cognitive, according to comprehensibility and taken-for-grantedness.
Abstract: This article synthesizes the large but diverse literature on organizational legitimacy, highlighting similarities and disparities among the leading strategic and institutional approaches. The analysis identifies three primary forms of legitimacy: pragmatic, based on audience self-interest; moral, based on normative approval: and cognitive, based on comprehensibility and taken-for-grantedness. The article then examines strategies for gaining, maintaining, and repairing legitimacy of each type, suggesting both the promises and the pitfalls of such instrumental manipulations.

13,229 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of stakeholder identification and saliency based on stakeholders possessing one or more of three relationship attributes (power, legitimacy, and urgency) is proposed, and a typology of stakeholders, propositions concerning their saliency to managers of the firm, and research and management implications.
Abstract: Stakeholder theory has been a popular heuristic for describing the management environment for years, but it has not attained full theoretical status. Our aim in this article is to contribute to a theory of stakeholder identification and salience based on stakeholders possessing one or more of three relationship attributes: power, legitimacy, and urgency. By combining these attributes, we generate a typology of stakeholders, propositions concerning their salience to managers of the firm, and research and management implications.

10,630 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Christine Oliver1
TL;DR: The authors applied the convergent insights of institutional and resource dependence perspectives to the prediction of strategic responses to institutional processes, and proposed a typology of strategies that vary in active organizational resistance from passive conformity to proactive manipulation.
Abstract: This article applies the convergent insights of institutional and resource dependence perspectives to the prediction of strategic responses to institutional processes. The article offers a typology of strategic responses that vary in active organizational resistance from passive conformity to proactive manipulation. Ten institutional factors are hypothesized to predict the occurrence of the alternative proposed strategies and the degree of organizational conformity or resistance to institutional pressures.

7,595 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article conducted a meta-analysis of 52 studies and found that corporate virtue in the form of social responsibility and, to a lesser extent, environmental responsibility is likely to pay off, although the operationalizations of CSP and CFP also moderate the positive association.
Abstract: Most theorizing on the relationship between corporate social/environmental performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) assumes that the current evidence is too fractured or too variable to draw any generalizable conclusions. With this integrative, quantitative study, we intend to show that the mainstream claim that we have little generalizable knowledge about CSP and CFP is built on shaky grounds. Providing a methodologically more rigorous review than previous efforts, we conduct a meta-analysis of 52 studies (which represent the population of prior quantitative inquiry) yielding a total sample size of 33,878 observations. The meta-analytic findings suggest that corporate virtue in the form of social responsibility and, to a lesser extent, environmental responsibility is likely to pay off, although the operationalizations of CSP and CFP also moderate the positive association. For example, CSP appears to be more highly correlated with accounting-based measures of CFP than with market-based ...

6,493 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider structural inertia in organizational populations as an outcome of an ecological-evolutionary process and define structural inertia as a correspondence between a class of organizations and their environments.
Abstract: Considers structural inertia in organizational populations as an outcome of an ecological-evolutionary process. Structural inertia is considered to be a consequence of selection as opposed to a precondition. The focus of this analysis is on the timing of organizational change. Structural inertia is defined to be a correspondence between a class of organizations and their environments. Reliably producing collective action and accounting rationally for their activities are identified as important organizational competencies. This reliability and accountability are achieved when the organization has the capacity to reproduce structure with high fidelity. Organizations are composed of various hierarchical layers that vary in their ability to respond and change. Organizational goals, forms of authority, core technology, and marketing strategy are the four organizational properties used to classify organizations in the proposed theory. Older organizations are found to have more inertia than younger ones. The effect of size on inertia is more difficult to determine. The variance in inertia with respect to the complexity of organizational arrangements is also explored. (SRD)

6,425 citations