The laser additive manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between LAM processing parameters and microstructure in as-deposited Ti-6Al-4V was investigated, and the results presented in this paper provide a first look at the relationships between the two parameters.
Abstract: Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) is a manufacturing technique with cost-reduction potential for titanium aerospace components. The mechanical properties of LAM Ti-6Al-4V have been investigated extensively, but little work on microstructure evolution has been performed to date. The results presented here provide a first look at the relationships between LAM processing parameters and microstructure in as-deposited Ti-6Al-4V.
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TL;DR: The state-of-the-art of additive manufacturing (AM) can be classified into three categories: direct digital manufacturing, free-form fabrication, or 3D printing as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of an important, rapidly emerging, manufacturing technology that is alternatively called additive manufacturing (AM), direct digital manufacturing, free form fabrication, or 3D printing, etc. A broad contextual overview of metallic AM is provided. AM has the potential to revolutionize the global parts manufacturing and logistics landscape. It enables distributed manufacturing and the productions of parts-on-demand while offering the potential to reduce cost, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. This paper explores the material science, processes, and business consideration associated with achieving these performance gains. It is concluded that a paradigm shift is required in order to fully exploit AM potential.
4,055 citations
TL;DR: A review of published data on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured metallic materials can be found in this paper, where the additive manufacturing techniques utilized to generate samples covered in this review include powder bed fusion (eBM, SLM, DMLS) and directed energy deposition (eBF3).
Abstract: This article reviews published data on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured metallic materials. The additive manufacturing techniques utilized to generate samples covered in this review include powder bed fusion (e.g., EBM, SLM, DMLS) and directed energy deposition (e.g., LENS, EBF3). Although only a limited number of metallic alloy systems are currently available for additive manufacturing (e.g., Ti-6Al-4V, TiAl, stainless steel, Inconel 625/718, and Al-Si-10Mg), the bulk of the published mechanical properties information has been generated on Ti-6Al-4V. However, summary tables for published mechanical properties and/or key figures are included for each of the alloys listed above, grouped by the additive technique used to generate the data. Published values for mechanical properties obtained from hardness, tension/compression, fracture toughness, fatigue crack growth, and high cycle fatigue are included for as-built, heat-treated, and/or HIP conditions, when available. The effects of test...
1,093 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the anisotropic mechanical properties of a Ti-6Al-4V three-dimensional cruciform component fabricated using a directed energy deposition additive manufacturing (AM) process.
983 citations
Cites background from "The laser additive manufacture of T..."
...This microstructural anisotropy originates from the layerby-layer nature of the AM process, which introduces a unique thermal history at each location within the part as each subsequent laser pass reheats the material [28,29]....
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20 Oct 2014-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the microstructure on the tensile properties of additive manufacturing (AM) of Ti alloys has been investigated. And the authors found that the mechanical anisotropy of the parts was discussed in relation to the crystallographic texture, phase composition and the predominant fracture mechanisms.
Abstract: Recent research on the additive manufacturing (AM) of Ti alloys has shown that the mechanical properties of the parts are affected by the characteristic microstructure that originates from the AM process. To understand the effect of the microstructure on the tensile properties, selective laser melted (SLM) Ti–6Al–4V samples built in three different orientations were tensile tested. The investigated samples were near fully dense, in two distinct conditions, as-built and stress relieved. It was found that the build orientation affects the tensile properties, and in particular the ductility of the samples. The mechanical anisotropy of the parts was discussed in relation to the crystallographic texture, phase composition and the predominant fracture mechanisms. Fractography and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results indicate that the predominant fracture mechanism is intergranular fracture present along the grain boundaries and thus provide and explain the typical fracture surface features observed in fracture AM Ti–6Al–4V.
671 citations
26 Mar 2014-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the fatigue properties of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by the Selective Laser Melting additive manufacturing process and found that the fatigue life is significantly lower compared to wrought material.
Abstract: Additive Manufacturing of titanium components holds promise to deliver benefits such as reduced cost, weight and carbon emissions during both manufacture and use. To capitalize on these benefits, it must be shown that the mechanical performance of parts produced by Additive Manufacturing can meet design requirements that are typically based on wrought material performance properties. Of particular concern for safety critical structures are the fatigue properties of parts produced by Additive Manufacturing. This research evaluates the fatigue properties of Ti–6Al–4V specimens produced by the Selective Laser Melting additive manufacturing process. It was found that the fatigue life is significantly lower compared to wrought material. This reduction in fatigue performance was attributed to a variety of issues, such as microstructure, porosity, surface finish and residual stress. There was also found to be a high degree of anisotropy in the fatigue performance associated with the specimen build orientation.
633 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jun 1990
TL;DR: In this article, Atom Transfer at the Solid/Liquid Interface Morphological Instability of a Solid/ Liquid Interface Solidification Microstructure: Cells and Dendrites SolidificationMicrostructure, Eutectic and Peritectic Solute Redistribution Rapid Solidization Microstructures Summary Appendices Symbols Index
Abstract: Introduction Atom Transfer at the Solid/Liquid Interface Morphological Instability of a Solid/Liquid Interface Solidification Microstructure: Cells and Dendrites Solidification Microstructure: Eutectic and Peritectic Solute Redistribution Rapid Solidification Microstructures Summary Appendices Symbols Index
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01 Apr 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a summary of the most useful information required to understand titanium and its alloys and present a review of the significant features of the metallurgy and application of titanium and alloys.
Abstract: Designed to support the need of engineering, management, and other professionals for information on titanium by providing an overview of the major topics, this book provides a concise summary of the most useful information required to understand titanium and its alloys The author provides a review of the significant features of the metallurgy and application of titanium and its alloys All technical aspects of the use of titanium are covered, with sufficient metals property data for most users Because of its unique density, corrosion resistance, and relative strength advantages over competing materials such as aluminum, steels, and superalloys, titanium has found a niche in many industries Much of this use has occurred through military research, and subsequent applications in aircraft, of gas turbine engines, although more recent use features replacement joints, golf clubs, and bicycles Contents include: A primer on titanium and its alloys, Introduction to selection of titanium alloys, Understanding titanium's metallurgy and mill products, Forging and forming, Castings, Powder metallurgy, Heat treating, Joining technology and practice, Machining, Cleaning and finishing, Structure/processing/property relationships, Corrosion resistance, Advanced alloys and future directions, Appendices: Summary table of titanium alloys, Titanium alloy datasheets, Cross-reference to titanium alloys, Listing of selected specification and standardization organizations, Selected manufacturers, suppliers, services, Corrosion data, Machining data
1,788 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the process of transition of the cubic-body-centred modification into the hexagonal-close-packed modification of zirconium can be described by means of a combination of shearing- and dilatation-processes parallel to definite crystallographic directions.
1,319 citations
329 citations
25 Apr 1999
TL;DR: The Ninth Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (SFF) as mentioned in this paper was held at The University of Texas in Austin on August 11-13, 1998, attended by over 150 national and international researchers.
Abstract: : The Ninth Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, held at The University of Texas in Austin on August 11-13, 1998, was attended by over 150 national and international researchers. Papers addressed SFF issues in computer software, machine design, materials synthesis and processing, and integrated manufacturing. Eighty-eight presentations were made, 72 oral presentations and 16 poster presentations. This represents the most presentations ever given at the SFF Symposium and reflects 11 percent growth in the oral presentations compared to last year, indicative of our attempt to provide "stand-up" opportunities for as many research presenters as possible. The diverse domestic and foreign attendees represented industrial users, SFF machine manufacturers, universities, and government. The excitement generated at the Symposium reflects the participants' total involvement in SFF and the future technical health of this growing technology. The Symposium organizers look forward to its being a continuing forum for technical exchange among the expanding body of researchers involved in SFF.
24 citations