The log-multiplicative layer effect model for comparing mobility tables*
TL;DR: The log-multiplicative layer effect model provides one-parameter tests and thus facilitates analysis of the difference in "vertical mobility" between two mobility tables and is attractive in comparative research on mobility for its parsimony and interpretability.
Abstract: I propose the log-multiplicative layer effect modelfor comparing mobility tables. The model constrains cross-table variation in the origin-destination association to be the log-multiplicative product of a common association pattern and a table-specific parameter. Like Yamaguchi's (1987) uniform layer effect model, the log-multiplicative layer effect model provides one-parameter tests and thus facilitates analysis of the difference in "vertical mobility" between two mobility tables. Compared to the uniform layer effect model, the log-multiplicative layer effect model is far more flexible in specifying the origin-destination association. Virtually all two-way mobility models can be incorporated into the log-multiplicative layer effect model while retaining their usual interpretability. All that is required is that the tables being compared have a common pattern for the origin-destination association. Properties of the new model are demonstrated using three data sets previously analyzed in comparative mobility research. The same methodology can be generalized to the analysis of multiple twoway contingency tables if the two-way association of primary interest is specified tofollow a common pattern, albeit with different levels, across the tables. I n the interest of testing the difference in "vertical mobility" with a single parameter, a useful model for comparing mobility tables has been proposed by Yamaguchi (1987). Referred to here as "the uniform layer effect model," the model is characterized by the use of a single parameter describing the uniform difference in the origin and destination association between a pair of mobility tables. The uniform layer effect model is attractive in comparative research on mobility for its parsimony and interpretability (Wong 1990). However, there are three associated disadvantages. First, the model implicitly assumes that the categories of origin and destination are
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TL;DR: This article reviewed research published since 1990 into educational stratification and social (occupational or class) mobility, focusing on the importance of parental socioeconomic circumstances, and with particular emphasis on comparative studies, concluding that the 1990s witnessed a resurgence of micro-level models, mostly of a rational choice type, that signals an increased interest in moving beyond description in strat...
Abstract: Studies of how characteristics of the family of origin are associated with educational and labor market outcomes indicate the degree of openness of societies and have a long tradition in sociology. We review research published since 1990 into educational stratification and social (occupational or class) mobility, focusing on the importance of parental socioeconomic circumstances, and with particular emphasis on comparative studies. Large-scale data now available from many countries and several time points have led to more and better descriptions of inequality of opportunity across countries and over time. However, partly owing to problems of comparability of measurement, unambiguous conclusions about trends and ranking of countries have proven elusive. In addition, no strong evidence exists that explains intercountry differences. We conclude that the 1990s witnessed a resurgence of microlevel models, mostly of a rational choice type, that signals an increased interest in moving beyond description in strat...
1,071 citations
Cites methods from "The log-multiplicative layer effect..."
...New technical developments have been extensions of these techniques, and probably the most important was the “unidiff” or “log-multiplicative layer effect model” (Erikson & Goldthorpe 1992, Xie 1992)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of motility is introduced, which describes the potential and actual capacity of goods, information or people to be mobile both geographically and socially, and the three major features of mobility are access, competence and appropriation.
Abstract: Social and territorial structures form intricate relations that transcend a social stratification or spatial focus. Territorial features and geographic displacements are structuring principles for society, as societal features and social change effect the structure and use of territory. Based on our examination of the conceptual and theoretical links between spatial and social mobility, we propose a concept that represents a new form of inequality. Termed 'motility', this construct describes the potential and actual capacity of goods, information or people to be mobile both geographically and socially. Three major features of motility - access, competence and appropriation - are introduced. In this article, we focus on conceptual and theoretical contributions of motility. In addition, we suggest a number of possible empirical investigations. Motility presents us with an innovative perspective on societal changes without prematurely committing researchers to work within structuralist or postmodern perspectives. More generally, we propose to revisit the fluidification debate in the social sciences with a battery of questions that do not begin and end with whether or not society is in flux. Instead, we introduce a field of research that takes advantage of the insights from competing paradigms in order to reveal the social dynamics and consequences of displacements in geographic and social space.
852 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that useful information for model selection can be obtained from using AIC and BIC together, particularly from trying as far as possible to find models favored by both criteria.
Abstract: The two most commonly used penalized model selection criteria, the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), are examined and compared. Their motivations as approximations of two different target quantities are discussed, and their performance in estimating those quantities is assessed. Despite their different foundations, some similarities between the two statistics can be observed, for example, in analogous interpretations of their penalty terms. The behavior of the criteria in selecting good models for observed data is examined with simulated data and also illustrated with the analysis of two well-known data sets on social mobility. It is argued that useful information for model selection can be obtained from using AIC and BIC together, particularly from trying as far as possible to find models favored by both criteria.
707 citations
01 Aug 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a key distinction is drawn between observed patterns of social mobility, sometimes referred to as "absolute mobility", and social fluidity, where mobility is understood simply as movement between class origins and class destinations.
Abstract: In contemporary studies of social mobility a key distinction is drawn between observed patterns of social mobility, sometimes referred to as 'absolute mobility', and social fluidity. Absolute mobility is concerned with patterns and rates of mobility, where mobility is understood simply as movement between class origins and class destinations. Absolute mobility concerns the observed rates and patterns of flows between origin and destination classes and, in mobility analysis, is treated as the consequence of social fluidity operating within fixed origin and destination distributions. Britain is the sole clear exception to this: here there has been little or no change. In other cases—notably Germany—there is no statistically significant change, though the trend, at least for men, is towards a weaker association between origins and destinations. The experience of this project should lead people to question the balance that mobility research has struck between social fluidity and absolute mobility.
679 citations
Cites methods from "The log-multiplicative layer effect..."
...We use LmSF to refer to the unidiff (Erikson and Goldthorpe 1992) or log-multiplicative layer effect model (Xie 1992) when the local association is modeled in a completely unspecified way (as it is in CnSF)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that two cultural forces combine in advanced industrial societies to create a new sort of sex segregation regime: gender essentialist ideology and self-expressive value systems, which create opportunities and incentives for the expression of gender identities.
Abstract: Data from 44 societies are used to explore sex segregation by field of study. Contrary to accounts linking socioeconomic modernization to a “degendering” of public‐sphere institutions, sex typing of curricular fields is stronger in more economically developed contexts. The authors argue that two cultural forces combine in advanced industrial societies to create a new sort of sex segregation regime. The first is gender‐essentialist ideology, which has proven to be extremely resilient even in the most liberal‐egalitarian of contexts; the second is self‐expressive value systems, which create opportunities and incentives for the expression of “gendered selves.” Multivariate analyses suggest that structural features of postindustrial labor markets and modern educational systems support the cultivation, realization, and display of gender‐specific curricular affinities.
639 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, categorical data analysis was used for categorical classification of categorical categorical datasets.Categorical Data Analysis, categorical Data analysis, CDA, CPDA, CDSA
Abstract: categorical data analysis , categorical data analysis , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
10,964 citations
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01 Jan 1967
TL;DR: The American Occupational Structure is renowned for its pioneering methods of statistical analysis as well as for its far-reaching conclusions about social stratification and occupational mobility in the United States.
4,232 citations
TL;DR: The starting point of almost all recent discussions of comparative (i.e. cross-national) social mobility rates has been the thesis advanced by Lipset and Zetterberg in 1959 that 'the overall pattern of social mobility appears to be much the same in the industrial societies of various Western countries' as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The starting point of almost all recent discussions of comparative (i.e. cross-national) social mobility rates has been the thesis advanced by Lipset and Zetterberg in 1959 that 'the overall pattern of social mobility appears to be much the same in the industrial societies of various Western countries'. ' Although Lipset and Zetterberg recognized that the data on which this thesis rested were often of a doubtful quality, they none the less maintained that 'the reservations and cautions which are in order do not invalidate this finding, which a number of other researchers in this area, such as Pitirim Sorokin, Robert Havighurst, Natalie Rogoff, David Glass, and Colin Clark, also agree is warranted....'2 Subsequent commentators have in fact been a good deal less sanguine about the possibility of deriving reliable comparative conclusions from the results of the national mobility inquiries that were available to Lipset and Zetterberg.3 But of perhaps still greater import are the several criticisms that have been levelled against their thesis on primarily conceptual grounds. Four such criticisms may be noted. (i) Lipset and Zetterberg operate for the most part (out of necessity) with the simple two-class model, based on the distinction between manual and non-manual occupational groupings; but the crossnational similarities that they discern in rates of (intergenerational) mobility between these two groupings may well disappear when a less crude basis for comparison is adopted.4 (ii) On the grounds that they are concerned with mobility within industrial society, Lipset and Zetterberg restrict their attention to mobility occurring within the non-agricultural sectors of the countries they cover; but this limitation is artificial and unduly favourable to their thesis since Western countries differ considerably in the size of their agricultural sectors, and in the rates at which these are contracting. Important cross-national differences may thus be expected in rates of mobility between agricultural and non-agricultural occupations.5 (iii) Lipset and Zetterberg regard their thesis as relating to 'vertical'
1,068 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a class of models for the analysis of association in a contingency table with ordered rows and ordered columns is proposed, including the null association model, the uniform association model and models that describe the possible effects of the rows and columns on the association.
Abstract: A class of models is proposed for the analysis of association in a contingency table with ordered rows and ordered columns. Association is measured in terms of the odds-ratios in 2 × 2 subtables formed from adjacent rows and adjacent columns. This class includes the null association model, the uniform association model, and models that describe the possible effects of the rows and/or columns on the association. With these models, the association in the table can be analyzed in a manner analogous to the usual two-way analysis of variance, and parsimonious descriptions of this association can be obtained often. Applications are discussed here, some well-known sets of data are reanalyzed, and new insights into these data are obtained.
830 citations