The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer
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TLDR
In this article, a type of device is described which can be used as a microwave amplifier, spectrometer, or oscillator, and experimental results are given for the expected sensitivity, stability and purity of the oscillation.Abstract:
A type of device is described which can be used as a microwave amplifier, spectrometer, or oscillator. Experimental results are given. When operated as a spectrometer, the device has good sensitivity, and, by eliminating the usual Doppler broadening, a resolution of 7 kc/sec has been achieved. Operated as an oscillator, the device produced a frequency stable to at least 4 parts in ${10}^{12}$ in times of the order of a second, and stable over periods of an hour or more to at least a part in ${10}^{10}$. The device is examined theoretically, and results are given for the expected sensitivity of the spectrometer, the stability and purity of the oscillation, and the noise figure of the amplifier. Under certain conditions a noise figure approaching the theoretical limit of unity, along with reasonably high gain, should be attainable.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Comparison of quantum and semiclassical radiation theories with application to the beam maser
E.T. Jaynes,F.W. Cummings +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the semiclassical theory, when extended to take into account both the effect of the field on the molecules and the effects of the molecules on the field, reproduces the same laws of energy exchange and coherence properties as the quantized field theory, even in the limit of one or a few quanta in the field mode.
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Manipulation and control of molecular beams.
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Fluctuations in Amplification of Quanta with Application to Maser Amplifiers
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of differential equations for the amplification and absorption of quanta in maser-type amplifiers is presented, and a complete expression for the probability of distribution of the quanta distribution is obtained for the average values and fractional fluctuation.