The mechanical properties of cellular solids
01 Sep 1983-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-physical Metallurgy and Materials Science (Springer-Verlag)-Vol. 14, Iss: 9, pp 1755-1769
TL;DR: The mechanical properties (elastic, plastic, creep, and fracture) of cellular solids or foams are related to the properties of the cell wall material and to the cell geometry.
Abstract: The mechanical properties (elastic, plastic, creep, and fracture) of cellular solids or foams are related to the properties of the cell wall material and to the cell geometry The properties are well described by simple formulae Such materials occur widely in nature and have many potential engineering applications
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TL;DR: A novel foam structure is presented, which exhibits a negative Poisson's ratio, and such a material expands laterally when stretched, in contrast to ordinary materials.
Abstract: A novel foam structure is presented, which exhibits a negative Poisson's ratio. Such a material expands laterally when stretched, in contrast to ordinary materials.
2,871 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic principles involved in designing hierarchical biological materials, such as cellular and composite architectures, adapative growth and as well as remodeling, are discussed, and examples that are found to utilize these strategies include wood, bone, tendon, and glass sponges.
2,274 citations
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TL;DR: The results of this previous study are applied to cancellous bone in an attempt to further understand its mechanical behaviour and the results agree reasonably well with experimental data available in the literature.
867 citations
TL;DR: The different techniques for 3-D imaging, which include serial sectioning, X-ray tomographic methods, and NMR scanning, are reviewed, and it is argued that connectivity and architectural anisotropy (fabric) are of special interest in mechanics-architecture relations.
742 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the relationship between process characteristics, material consolidation and the resulting materials and component properties is presented, with a special focus on the relationship of process characteristics and material consolidation.
Abstract: Selective electron beam melting (SEBM) belongs to the additive manufacturing technologies which are believed to revolutionise future industrial production. Starting from computer-aided designed data, components are built layer by layer within a powder bed by selectively melting the powder with a high power electron beam. In contrast to selective laser melting (SLM), which can be used for metals, polymers and ceramics, the application field of the electron beam is restricted to metallic components since electric conductivity is required. On the other hand, the electron beam works under vacuum conditions, can be moved at extremely high velocities and a high beam power is available. These features make SEBM especially interesting for the processing of high-performance alloys. The present review describes SEBM with special focus on the relationship between process characteristics, material consolidation and the resulting materials and component properties.
642 citations
References
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01 Jan 1932
TL;DR: In spite of the theoretical weakness of the surface law, the computation of basal metabolism to the unit of the body surface seems at present the most satisfactory method available of equalizing experimental results for differences in the size of experimental animals.
Abstract: does not appear. First page follows.
The statement that the basal metabolism of animals differing in size is nearly proportional
to their respective body surfaces, is called the surface law.
Benedict has shown that this law is already over ninety years old, Robiquet and Tillaye
having formulated it quite clearly in 1839. The history of the surface law is given
in the paper of (Harris and Benedict (1919)). We may here only briefly mention the different ways in which it has been found.
The early writers derived the law from theoretical considerations on a rather small
experimental basis, as did Bergmann, who in 1847 had already written a book on the
subject. Respiration trials were carried out by Regnault and Reiset, and Rameaux based
the surface law on measurements of the amount of air respired per minute by two thousand
human beings of different sizes. (Rubner (1883)) demonstrated the law in accurate respiration trials on dogs and Richet rediscovered
it empirically on rabbits. The latter writes (p. 223): “C’est apree coup seulement que je me suis avise que la donnee surface etait plus interessante que la donnee poids.”
Although (Armsby, Fries, and Braman (1918), p. 55) found the surface law confirmed to a rather striking degree, this law is
not at all so clear today as it appeared to its early discoverers. (Carman and Mitchell (1926), p. 380) state the situation very well: “In spite of the theoretical weakness of
the surface law, the computation of basal metabolism to the unit of the body surface
seems at present the most satisfactory method available of equalizing experimental
results for differences in the size of experimental animals.”
1,950 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: The Science of Large Molecules POLYMERIZATION Step-Reaction (Condensation) Polymerization Radical Chain (Addition) PolyMERization Ionic and Coordination Chain (addition) Copolymerization Polymerisation Conditions and Polymer Reactions CHARACTERIZATION Polymer Solutions Measurement of Molecular Weight and Size Analysis and Testing of Polymers STRUCTURE and PROPERTIES Morphology and Order in Crystalline Polymers Rheology and the Mechanical Properties of Polymer Structure and Physical Properties as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Science of Large Molecules POLYMERIZATION Step-Reaction (Condensation) Polymerization Radical Chain (Addition) Polymerization Ionic and Coordination Chain (Addition) Polymerization Copolymerization Polymerization Conditions and Polymer Reactions CHARACTERIZATION Polymer Solutions Measurement of Molecular Weight and Size Analysis and Testing of Polymers STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES Morphology and Order in Crystalline Polymers Rheology and the Mechanical Properties of Polymers Polymer Structure and Physical Properties PROPERTIES OF COMMERICAL POLYMERS Hydrocarbon Plastics and Elastomers Other Carbon-Chain Polymers Heterochain Thermoplastics Thermosetting Resins POLYMER PROCESSING Plastics Technology Fiber Technology Elastomer Technology Appendixes Author and Subject Indexes.
1,703 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the mechanical properties of two-dimensional cellular materials, or honeycombs, are analyzed and compared with experiments, in terms of bending, elastic buckling and plastic collapse of the beams that make up the cell walls.
Abstract: The mechanical properties (linear and nonlinear elastic and plastic) of two-dimensional cellular materials, or honeycombs, are analysed and compared with experiments. The properties are well described in terms of the bending, elastic buckling and plastic collapse of the beams that make up the cell walls.
1,567 citations
TL;DR: The model proposed here promises useful answers in comparisons of living things on both the microscopic and the gross scale, as part of the growing science of form, which asks precisely how organisms are diverse and yet again how they are alike.
Abstract: Arguments based on elastic stability and flexure, as opposed to the more conventional ones based on yield strength, require that living organisms adopt forms whereby lengths increase as the ⅔ power of diameter. The somatic dimensions of several species of animals and of a wide variety of trees fit this rule well. It is a simple matter to show that energy metabolism during maximal sustained work depends on body cross-sectional area, not total body surface area as proposed by Rubner (1) and many after him. This result and the result requiring animal proportions to change with size amount to a derivation of Kleiber9s law, a statement only empirical until now, correlating the metabolically related variables with body weight raised to the ¾ power. In the present model, biological frequencies are predicted to go inversely as body weight to the ¼ power, and total body surface areas should correlate with body weight to the ⅝ power. All predictions of the proposed model are tested by comparison with existing data, and the fit is considered satisfactory. In The Fire of Life, Kleiber (5) wrote "When the concepts concerned with the relation of body size and metabolic rate are clarified, . . . then compartive physiology of metabolism will be of great help in solving one of the most intricate and interesting problems in biology, namely the regulation of the rate of cell metabolism." Although Hill (23) realized that "the essential point about a large animal is that its structure should be capable of bearing its own weight and this leaves less play for other factors," he was forced to use an oversimplified "geometric similarity" hypothesis in his important work on animal locomotion and muscular dynamics. It is my hope that the model proposed here promises useful answers in comparisons of living things on both the microscopic and the gross scale, as part of the growing science of form, which asks precisely how organisms are diverse and yet again how they are alike.
1,147 citations