Journal Article•
The Modeling of Nature
About: This article is published in Review of Metaphysics.The article was published on 1997-05-01 and is currently open access. It has received 3 citations till now.
Citations
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TL;DR: Observation Oriented Modeling is presented as an alternative approach toward data conceptualization and analysis for the social and life sciences that is rooted in philosophical realism and an attitude toward data analysis centered around causality and common sense.
Abstract: Serious criticisms of psychology’s research practices and data analysis methods date back to at least the mid-1900s after the Galtonian school of thought had thoroughly triumphed over the Wundtian school. In the wake of Bem’s (2011) recent, highly publicized study on psi phenomena in a prestigious journal, psychologists are again raising serious questions about their dominant research script. These concerns are echoed in the current paper, and Observation Oriented Modeling (OOM) is presented as an alternative approach toward data conceptualization and analysis for the social and life sciences. This approach is rooted in philosophical realism and an attitude toward data analysis centered around causality and common sense. Three example studies and accompanying data analyses are presented and discussed to demonstrate a number of OOM’s advantages over current researcher practices.
42 citations
Cites background from "The Modeling of Nature"
...Wallace [22] provides an accessible treatment of Aristotle’s four causes, and Grice [10] provides examples incorporating the four causes into psychological theories....
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TL;DR: The concept of the Two Gradient Model (TGM) is introduced which is a descriptive model that attempts to clarify the interaction between the instructor and learner and demonstrates the need to differentiate between instructors and cultural tools as scaffolds where the latter should be kept relegated as secondary components in the scaffolding process.
Abstract: In this paper I intend to illustrate Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and then extend the discussion to scaffolding and its relationship with the ZPD. This is then followed by some concerns raised in literature regarding scaffolding as a concept and as a metaphor which involves analysing the arguments for regarding the role of cultural tools and peers as scaffolds akin to instructors. In consideration of some of the criticisms directed at scaffolding, I introduce the concept of the Two Gradient Model (TGM) which is a descriptive model that attempts to clarify the interaction between the instructor and learner. Furthermore, the TGM also demonstrates the need to differentiate between instructors and cultural tools as scaffolds where the latter should be kept relegated as secondary components in the scaffolding process. Additionally, the TGM also differentiates between instructors and peers whereby the latter do not occupy the same interpersonal dynamics as the former in a pedagogical en...
26 citations
Cites background from "The Modeling of Nature"
...However, a smart student should also know that these subshells are mathematical fictions and are not real phenomena of the atom (Sillberberg & Amateis, 2014; Wallace, 1996)....
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Book•
25 Sep 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, Crespo pleit voor het herstel van de beoefening van theoretische and praktische rede in de economische wetenschap.
Abstract: Ricardo Crespo pleit voor het herstel van de beoefening van theoretische en praktische rede in de economische wetenschap. Hij presenteert de ideeen van Nancy Cartwright en Amartya Sen als hulpmiddelen voor een dergelijk herstel. Crespo ziet Aristoteles als een belangrijke inspiratiebron voor de ideeen van zowel Cartwright als Sen. Hij bespreekt hoe deze ideeen gebruikt kunnen worden om een opvatting van praktische rede te ontwikkelen die geschikt is voor het oplossen van concrete problemen in wetenschap en samenleving. Cartwright spreekt over ‘capaciteiten’ (capacities) als reele oorzaken van gebeurtenissen. Een stabiele combinatie van deze oorzaken produceert gedragspatronen die tevens met behulp van deze combinatie verklaard kunnen worden. Zij noemt deze constellatie van stabiele oorzaken een ‘nomologische machine’. Sen spreekt over ‘capaciteiten’ (capabilities) als vrijheden of mogelijkheden voor mensen. Cartwright en Sen relateren beiden de term capaciteit aan het Aristotelische gedachtegoed. Hierdoor kunnen Cartwrights ‘capacity’ en Sens ‘capability’ ingezet worden om bepaalde resultaten te bereiken die van belang zijn in het maatschappelijke leven.
20 citations
References
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TL;DR: Observation Oriented Modeling is presented as an alternative approach toward data conceptualization and analysis for the social and life sciences that is rooted in philosophical realism and an attitude toward data analysis centered around causality and common sense.
Abstract: Serious criticisms of psychology’s research practices and data analysis methods date back to at least the mid-1900s after the Galtonian school of thought had thoroughly triumphed over the Wundtian school. In the wake of Bem’s (2011) recent, highly publicized study on psi phenomena in a prestigious journal, psychologists are again raising serious questions about their dominant research script. These concerns are echoed in the current paper, and Observation Oriented Modeling (OOM) is presented as an alternative approach toward data conceptualization and analysis for the social and life sciences. This approach is rooted in philosophical realism and an attitude toward data analysis centered around causality and common sense. Three example studies and accompanying data analyses are presented and discussed to demonstrate a number of OOM’s advantages over current researcher practices.
42 citations
TL;DR: The concept of the Two Gradient Model (TGM) is introduced which is a descriptive model that attempts to clarify the interaction between the instructor and learner and demonstrates the need to differentiate between instructors and cultural tools as scaffolds where the latter should be kept relegated as secondary components in the scaffolding process.
Abstract: In this paper I intend to illustrate Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and then extend the discussion to scaffolding and its relationship with the ZPD. This is then followed by some concerns raised in literature regarding scaffolding as a concept and as a metaphor which involves analysing the arguments for regarding the role of cultural tools and peers as scaffolds akin to instructors. In consideration of some of the criticisms directed at scaffolding, I introduce the concept of the Two Gradient Model (TGM) which is a descriptive model that attempts to clarify the interaction between the instructor and learner. Furthermore, the TGM also demonstrates the need to differentiate between instructors and cultural tools as scaffolds where the latter should be kept relegated as secondary components in the scaffolding process. Additionally, the TGM also differentiates between instructors and peers whereby the latter do not occupy the same interpersonal dynamics as the former in a pedagogical en...
26 citations
Book•
25 Sep 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, Crespo pleit voor het herstel van de beoefening van theoretische and praktische rede in de economische wetenschap.
Abstract: Ricardo Crespo pleit voor het herstel van de beoefening van theoretische en praktische rede in de economische wetenschap. Hij presenteert de ideeen van Nancy Cartwright en Amartya Sen als hulpmiddelen voor een dergelijk herstel. Crespo ziet Aristoteles als een belangrijke inspiratiebron voor de ideeen van zowel Cartwright als Sen. Hij bespreekt hoe deze ideeen gebruikt kunnen worden om een opvatting van praktische rede te ontwikkelen die geschikt is voor het oplossen van concrete problemen in wetenschap en samenleving. Cartwright spreekt over ‘capaciteiten’ (capacities) als reele oorzaken van gebeurtenissen. Een stabiele combinatie van deze oorzaken produceert gedragspatronen die tevens met behulp van deze combinatie verklaard kunnen worden. Zij noemt deze constellatie van stabiele oorzaken een ‘nomologische machine’. Sen spreekt over ‘capaciteiten’ (capabilities) als vrijheden of mogelijkheden voor mensen. Cartwright en Sen relateren beiden de term capaciteit aan het Aristotelische gedachtegoed. Hierdoor kunnen Cartwrights ‘capacity’ en Sens ‘capability’ ingezet worden om bepaalde resultaten te bereiken die van belang zijn in het maatschappelijke leven.
20 citations