The molecular bases of plant resistance and defense responses to aphid feeding: current status
01 Jan 2007-Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata (Blackwell Publishing Ltd)-Vol. 122, Iss: 1, pp 1-16
TL;DR: Recent studies into the differential expression of Pto‐ and Pti1‐like kinase genes in wheat plants resistant to the Russian wheat aphid provide evidence of the involvement of the Pto class of resistance genes in arthropod resistance.
Abstract: Plant genes participating in the recognition of aphid herbivory in concert with plant genes involved in defense against herbivores mediate plant resistance to aphids. Several such genes involved in plant disease and nematode resistance have been characterized in detail, but their existence has only recently begun to be determined for arthropod resistance. Hundreds of different genes are typically involved and the disruption of plant cell wall tissues during aphid feeding has been shown to induce defense responses in Arabidopsis , Tr iticum , Sorghum , and Nicotiana species . Mi-1.2 , a tomato gene for resistance to the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), is a member of the nucleotidebinding site and leucine-rich region Class II family of disease, nematode, and arthropod resistance genes. Recent studies into the differential expression of Pto - and Pti1 -like kinase genes in wheat plants resistant to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), provide evidence of the involvement of the Pto class of resistance genes in arthropod resistance. An analysis of available data suggests that aphid feeding may trigger multiple signaling pathways in plants. Early signaling includes gene-for-gene recognition and defense signaling in aphid-resistant plants, and recognition of aphidinflicted cell damage in both resistant and susceptible plants. Furthermore, signaling is mediated by several compounds, including jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, giberellic acid, nitric oxide, and auxin. These signals lead to the development of direct chemical defenses against aphids and general stress-related responses that are well characterized for a number of abiotic and biotic stresses. In spite of major plant taxonomic differences, similarities exist in the types of plant genes expressed in response to feeding by different species of aphids. However, numerous differences in plant signaling and defense responses unique to specific aphid‐plant interactions have been identified and warrant further investigation.
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TL;DR: A detailed understanding of plant immunity to arthropod herbivores will provide new insights into basic mechanisms of chemical communication and plant-animal coevolution and may also facilitate new approaches to crop protection and improvement.
Abstract: Herbivorous insects use diverse feeding strategies to obtain nutrients from their host plants. Rather than acting as passive victims in these interactions, plants respond to herbivory with the production of toxins and defensive proteins that target physiological processes in the insect. Herbivore-challenged plants also emit volatiles that attract insect predators and bolster resistance to future threats. This highly dynamic form of immunity is initiated by the recognition of insect oral secretions and signals from injured plant cells. These initial cues are transmitted within the plant by signal transduction pathways that include calcium ion fluxes, phosphorylation cascades, and, in particular, the jasmonate pathway, which plays a central and conserved role in promoting resistance to a broad spectrum of insects. A detailed understanding of plant immunity to arthropod herbivores will provide new insights into basic mechanisms of chemical communication and plant-animal coevolution and may also facilitate new approaches to crop protection and improvement.
2,027 citations
Cites background from "The molecular bases of plant resist..."
...Genetic evidence from several monocot and dicot crop species supports the idea that R gene products mediate resistance to phloem-feeding insects (119)....
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TL;DR: By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, this work can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by induced responses and could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control.
Abstract: Plants respond to herbivory through various morphological, biochemicals, and molecular mechanisms to counter/offset the effects of herbivore attack. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by induced responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be engineered genetically, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants against are challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
1,296 citations
TL;DR: The term “stress imprint” is used in this review to describe this plant-based phenomenon because sustained alterations in levels of key signalling metabolites or transcription factors could provide an explanation for how plant metabolism is altered by exposure to various stresses.
736 citations
Cites background from "The molecular bases of plant resist..."
...Signalling pathways involving the plant hormones jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, giberellic acid, nitric oxide and auxin play a central role in integrating and coordinating whole plant stress responses [2,7]....
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TL;DR: Indirect defences are increasingly being discussed as an environmentally-friendly crop protection strategy, but much more knowledge on their fitness effects under certain environmental conditions is required before the authors can understand their ecological and evolutionary relevance, and before tritrophic interactions can serve as a reliable tool in agronomy.
Abstract: Many plants interact with carnivores as an indirect defence against herbivores. The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) are induced by insect feeding, a response that is mediated by the plant hormone, jasmonic acid. Although VOCs mainly attract predatory mites and parasitic wasps, while EFN mainly attracts ants, many more animal-plant interactions are influenced by these two traits. Other traits involved in defensive tritrophic interactions are cellular food bodies and domatia, which serve the nutrition and housing of predators. They are not known to respond to herbivory, while food body production can be induced by the presence of the mutualists. Interactions among the different defensive traits, and between them and other biotic and abiotic factors exist on the genetic, physiological, and ecological levels, but so far remain understudied. Indirect defences are increasingly being discussed as an environmentally-friendly crop protection strategy, but much more knowledge on their fitness effects under certain environmental conditions is required before we can understand their ecological and evolutionary relevance, and before tritrophic interactions can serve as a reliable tool in agronomy.
666 citations
TL;DR: To understand the regulatory mechanisms underling HIPV biosynthesis, the following issues are reviewed here: herbivore-induced formation of plant volatile terpenoids and green leaf volatiles; initial activation of plant responses by feeding herbivores; and the downstream network of the signal transduction.
Abstract: In response to herbivory, plants emit specific blends of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). HIPVs mediate sizable arrays of interactions between plants and arthropods, microorganisms, undamaged neighboring plants or undamaged sites within the plant in various ecosystems. HIPV profiles vary according to the plant and herbivore species, and the developmental stages and conditions of the live plants and herbivores. To understand the regulatory mechanisms underling HIPV biosynthesis, the following issues are reviewed here: (i) herbivore-induced formation of plant volatile terpenoids and green leaf volatiles; (ii) initial activation of plant responses by feeding herbivores; and (iii) the downstream network of the signal transduction. To understand the ecological significance of HIPVs, we also review case studies of insect-plant and inter-/intraplant interactions mediated by HIPVs that have been documented in the field and laboratory in recent years.
492 citations
Cites background from "The molecular bases of plant resist..."
...…chewing arthropods increase endogenous JA levels but do not signifi cantly induce SA levels, whereas sucking arthropods induce both JA and SA in wildtype plants ( Reymond et al. 2004 , De Vos et al. 2005 , Leitner et al. 2005 , Smith and Boyko 2006 , De Vos et al. 2007 , Runyon et al. 2008 )....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1997TL;DR: This comprehensive evaluation and synthesis of a rapidly-developing field provides state-of-the-discipline reviews, and highlights areas of research which might be productive, should appeal to a wide variety of theoretical and applied researchers.
Abstract: Plants face a daunting array of creatures which eat them, bore into them and use virtually every plant part for food or shelter. However, plants are far from defenceless under attack. Although they cannot flee their attackers, they can produce defences, such as thorns, and can actively alter their chemistry and physiology in response to damage. For instance, young potato leaves being eaten by potato beetles respond by producing chemicals which inhibit beetle digestive enzymes. Research on these induced responses to herbivory has proceeded since the 1980s, and this comprehensive evaluation and synthesis of a rapidly-developing field provides state-of-the-discipline reviews, and highlights areas of research which might be productive. This overview should appeal to a wide variety of theoretical and applied researchers in ecology, evolutionary biology, plant biology, entomology and agriculture.
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01 Jun 1997
TL;DR: Modulation of lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase gene expression in transgenic plants raises new questions about the compartmentation of the biosynthetic pathway and its regulation.
Abstract: Jasmonic acid and its derivatives can modulate aspects of fruit ripening, production of viable pollen, root growth, tendril coiling, and plant resistance to insects and pathogens. Jasmonate activates genes involved in pathogen and insect resistance, and genes encoding vegetative storage proteins, but represses genes encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis. Jasmonic acid is derived from linolenic acid, and most of the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway have been extensively characterized. Modulation of lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase gene expression in transgenic plants raises new questions about the compartmentation of the biosynthetic pathway and its regulation. The activation of jasmonic acid biosynthesis by cell wall elicitors, the peptide systemin, and other compounds will be related to the function of jasmonates in plants. Jasmonate modulates gene expression at the level of translation, RNA processing, and transcription. Promoter elements that mediate responses to jasmonate have been isolated. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of how jasmonate biosynthesis is regulated and relates this information to knowledge of jasmonate modulated gene expression.
1,759 citations
"The molecular bases of plant resist..." refers background in this paper
...In some plants, linolenic acid released by damaged cell membrane lipids is converted enzymatically to jasmonic acid (Creelman & Mullet, 1997), although this is yet to be demonstrated as a result of aphid–plant interactions....
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TL;DR: Large-scale transcriptional changes accompany insect-induced resistance, which is organized into specific temporal and spatial patterns and points to the existence of herbivore-specific trans-activating elements orchestrating the responses.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Plants respond to herbivore attack with a bewildering array of responses, broadly categorized as direct and indirect defenses, and tolerance. Plant-herbivore interactions are played out on spatial scales that include the cellular responses, well-studied in plant-pathogen interactions, as well as responses that function at whole-plant and community levels. The plant's wound response plays a central role but is frequently altered by insect-specific elicitors, giving plants the potential to optimize their defenses. In this review, we emphasize studies that advance the molecular understanding of elicited direct and indirect defenses and include verifications with insect bioassays. Large-scale transcriptional changes accompany insect-induced resistance, which is organized into specific temporal and spatial patterns and points to the existence of herbivore-specific trans-activating elements orchestrating the responses. Such organizational elements could help elucidate the molecular control over the d...
1,423 citations
TL;DR: Taxonomy of Vascular Plants George H. M. Lawrence & Maurice Caullery provides a source of information on theory, principles, & operating procedures in plant taxonomy plus an accounting of all families of plants of North America.
Abstract: Taxonomy of Vascular Plants George H. M. Lawrence COMPREHENSIVE source of information on theory, principles, & operating procedures in plant taxonomy plus an accounting of all families of plants of North America. Technical description of each family. $7.95 Parasitism & Symbiosis Maurice Caullery DEALS with parasitism from point of view of general biology. Makes clear that parasitism, commensalism, and symbiosis are different aspects of same general law. $5.50
1,383 citations
"The molecular bases of plant resist..." refers background in this paper
...Insect-related crop damage and insecticide resistance have led to the development and cultivation of many aphid-resistant crop varieties (Painter, 1951; Panda & Khush, 1995; Smith, 2005)....
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TL;DR: Differential expression of plant genes in response to closely related insect species suggest that some elicitors generated by phloem-feeding insects are species-specific and are dependent on the herbivore's developmental stage.
Abstract: Plant responses to herbivores are complex. Genes activated on herbivore attack are strongly correlated with the mode of herbivore feeding and the degree of tissue damage at the feeding site. Phloem-feeding whiteflies and aphids that produce little injury to plant foliage are perceived as pathogens and activate the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene-dependent signaling pathways. Differential expression of plant genes in response to closely related insect species suggest that some elicitors generated by phloem-feeding insects are species-specific and are dependent on the herbivore's developmental stage. Other elicitors for defense-gene activation are likely to be more ubiquitous. Analogies to the pathogen-incompatible reactions are found. Chewing insects such as caterpillars and beetles and cell-content feeders such as mites and thrips cause more extensive tissue damage and activate wound-signaling pathways. Herbivore feeding is not equivalent to mechanical wounding. Wound responses are a part of the induced responses that accompany herbivore feeding. Herbivores induce direct defenses that interfere with herbivore feeding, growth and development, fecundity, and fertility. In addition, herbivores induce an array of volatiles that creates an indirect mechanism of defense. Volatile blends provide specific cues to attract herbivore parasites and predators to infested plants. The nature of the elicitors for volatile production is discussed.
1,309 citations
"The molecular bases of plant resist..." refers background in this paper
...Salicylic acid promotes the development of systemic acquired resistance, a broad-range resistance against pathogens and some aphid species, and is crucial for localized plant tissue hypersensitive (HR) responses (Alvarez, 2000; Walling, 2000; Aviv et al., 2002; Brodersen et al., 2002)....
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...Jasmonic acid and ethylene frequently act synergistically, inducing defense responses in plants that are distinct from, and often antagonized by those induced by salicylic acid (Reymond & Farmer, 1998; Bostock, 1999; Pieterse & van Loon, 1999; Walling, 2000; Stotz et al., 2002)....
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...Changes in plant metabolism and gene expression induced by arthropod feeding are proving to be multifaceted and include those associated with both the general plant defense responses and specific aphid resistance gene– aphid interactions described above (Walling, 2000; Moran & Thompson, 2001)....
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...…and include those associated with both the general plant defense responses and specific aphid resistance gene– aphid interactions described above (Walling, 2000; Moran & Thompson, 2001). cDNA micro or macroarrays of plant sequences are providing opportunities to evaluate plant gene expression…...
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...While chewing insects cause extensive plant tissue damage, the prolonged interactions of aphid stylets with plant cells result in plant responses to aphids and other phloem-feeding insects that differ from those of chewing insects (Fidantsef et al., 1999; Stout et al., 1999; Walling, 2000)....
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