The moral economy of grades and standards
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that grades and standards are part of the moral economy of the modern world, and that they both set norms for behavior and standardize (create uniformity).
About: This article is published in Journal of Rural Studies.The article was published on 2000-07-01. It has received 313 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Generally Accepted Auditing Standards & Standardization.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine a particular mode of agri-food governance: international food standard setting, and explore the role of scientific expertise to the standard setting process in the Codex through a case-study of the attempt to establish an international definition for dietary fibre.
Abstract: This article examines a particular mode of agri-food governance: international food standard setting. Sociological accounts of technical regulatory processes such as standard setting can help to illuminate the role of expertise in the governance of the agri-food system. Firstly, the potential contribution of the concept of epistemic communities to the analysis of international food standard setting is discussed. Secondly, the article details the architecture of international trade regulation and the operational procedures of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (the Codex), the intergovernmental organisation in which international food standards are set. Thirdly, the role of scientific expertise to the standard setting process in the Codex is explored through a case-study of the attempt to establish an international definition for dietary fibre. The article concludes by reflecting upon the importance of contestation over knowledge claims to the conduct of agri-food governance.
7 citations
TL;DR: In the last couple of decades, new types of religious logos have emerged as discussed by the authors, including halal (in Arabic, halal literally means "permissible" or "lawful" logos).
Abstract: Within the last couple of decades, new types of religious logos have emerged. Notably, halal (in Arabic, halal literally means “permissible” or “lawful”) logos are increasingly appearing on...
7 citations
Cites background from "The moral economy of grades and sta..."
...Busch (2000) argues that standards are part of the moral economy of the modern world that defines norms for behavior and creates uniformity....
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01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: Value analysis must next be extended beyond standards as documents to examine the fuller ecosystem within which information standards are situated and enacted in order to fully understand their implications, uphold important community values, and maintain ethical information practices.
Abstract: While developments in information technology enable exciting new potentials, they may, in the process, inadvertently violate important values such as autonomy or privacy. Responsible, ethical approaches to technology warrant the use of critical perspectives in evaluating our technological practices and artifacts. Key among such artifacts are information standards, influential documents that represent and perpetuate community agreements on ideal practice. In critically examining standards, values represent a promising conceptual lens. This paper advances the use of value analysis on information standards, particularly those devoted to knowledge organization. Value analysis is a methodological approach that guides the elicitation of values from artifacts. Two case studies demonstrate the application of value analysis to knowledge organization standards and their resulting data, and show how values and their implications can be discerned from these information artifacts. Value analysis must next be extended beyond standards as documents to examine the fuller ecosystem within which information standards are situated and enacted in order to fully understand their implications, uphold important community values, and maintain ethical information practices.
7 citations
Cites background from "The moral economy of grades and sta..."
...They serve to enable collective human activity but are often taken for granted in the process, leading to difficulties in discerning their role and effects (Busch, 2000; Bowker et al., 2009)....
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06 Jul 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a nocao de redes verticais e horizontais como uma metafora that auxilia a compreensao da dinâmica de integracao diferencial dos agricultores nas cadeias de valor e nos arranjos produtivos localizados.
Abstract: A agricultura familiar encontra-se integrada a um vasto conjunto de mercados agroalimentares, comumente percebidos segundo uma dicotomiabasica que dispoe, de um lado, as chamadas cadeias convencionais ou tradicionais e, de outro, as redes alternativas ou emergentes. O objetivo deste artigo e articular categorias conceituais com vistas a construir uma abordagem analitica capaz de apreender, mesmo que parcialmente, esta diferenciacao para alem das percepcoes empiricas ja conhecidas. Primeiramente, destaca-se a nocao de redes verticais e horizontais como uma metafora que auxilia a compreensao da dinâmica de integracao diferencial dos agricultores nas cadeias de valor e nos arranjos produtivos localizados. Em seguida, argumenta-se que parte das diferencas entre asredes convencionais e alternativas esta associada aos distintos graus eformas de enraizamento (embeddedness) dos mercados. Finalmente,discute-se a questao da qualidade nos mercados agroalimentares de formaa demonstrar como diferentes modos de valoracao dos produtos estao nabase deste mesmo processo de diferenciacao ao qual vimos nos referimos.
7 citations
Cites background from "The moral economy of grades and sta..."
...Como demonstra Busch (2000), os mercados de commodities são resultantes de um amplo processo histórico em que um conjunto de valores é negociado, constituindo standards que definem uma “economia moral”, a qual disciplina pessoas e coisas de acordo com definições aceitas do que é bom e mau, e que de…...
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...São mercados tidos como despersonalizados, cuja marca é a “standardização de produtos, processos e pessoas” (Busch, 2000)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the significance of the relationships and disjunctures between the global moral discourses of Fairtrade that are articulated through ethics of fairness in supply chains and the...
Abstract: This paper explores the significance of the relationships and disjunctures between the global moral discourses of Fairtrade that are articulated through ethics of fairness in supply chains and the ...
7 citations
Cites background from "The moral economy of grades and sta..."
...Frictions and complexities within this moral economy have also been scrutinised, including how valuing quality can exclude those poorest in resources (Beedy and Esquith, 2011; Busch, 2000), tensions between ethics and market enterprise (Renard, 2003), accrual of economic benefits by Northern retailers who control the supply chain (Johannessen and Wilhide, 2010), and the ‘challenging double tension of simultaneously marketing morals and moralizing markets’ (Schmelzer, 2010: 240)....
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...…within this moral economy have also been scrutinised, including how valuing quality can exclude those poorest in resources (Beedy and Esquith, 2011; Busch, 2000), tensions between ethics and market enterprise (Renard, 2003), accrual of economic benefits by Northern retailers who control the supply…...
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present La Volonté de Savoir, the methodological introduction of a projected five-volume history of sexuality, which seems to have a special fascination for Foucault: the gradual emergence of medicine as an institution, the birth of political economy, demography and linguistics as human sciences, the invention of incarceration and confinement for the control of the "other" in society (the mad, the libertine, the criminal) and that special violence that lurks beneath the power to control discourse.
Abstract: This writer who has warned us of the “ideological” function of both the oeuvre and the author as unquestioned forms of discursive organization has gone quite far in constituting for both these “fictitious unities” the name (with all the problems of such a designation) Michel Foucault. One text under review, La Volonté de Savoir, is the methodological introduction of a projected five-volume history of sexuality. It will apparently circle back over that material which seems to have a special fascination for Foucault: the gradual emergence of medicine as an institution, the birth of political economy, demography and linguistics as “human sciences,” the invention of incarceration and confinement for the control of the “other” in society (the mad, the libertine, the criminal) and that special violence that lurks beneath the power to control discourse.
15,794 citations
"The moral economy of grades and sta..." refers background in this paper
...As Foucault (1977) has suggested, some, perhaps most, of these relations of power are benign....
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Book•
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: This article argued that we are modern as long as we split our political process in two - between politics proper, and science and technology, which allowed the formidable expansion of the Western empires.
Abstract: What makes us modern? This is a classic question in philosophy as well as in political science. However it is often raised without including science and technology in its definition. The argument of this book is that we are modern as long as we split our political process in two - between politics proper, and science and technology. This division allows the formidable expansion of the Western empires. However it has become more and more difficult to maintain this distance between science and politics. Hence the postmodern predicament - the feeling that the modern stance is no longer acceptable but that there is no alternative. The solution, advances one of France's leading sociologists of science, is to realize that we have never been modern to begin with. The comparative anthropology this text provides reintroduces science to the fabric of daily life and aims to make us compatible both with our past and with other cultures wrongly called pre-modern.
8,858 citations
"The moral economy of grades and sta..." refers background in this paper
...On the one hand, the social studies of science has been much in#uenced through the Actor Network Theory developed by Latour (1987, 1993) and Callon (Callon, 1991; Callon and Latour, 1992; Callon et al., 1986) among others (e.g., Law, 1994)....
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Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the quandary of the fact-builder is explored in the context of science and technology in a laboratory setting, and the model of diffusion versus translation is discussed.
Abstract: Acknowledgements Introduction Opening Pandora's Black Box PART I FROM WEARER TO STRONGER RHETORIC Chapter I Literature Part A: Controversies Part B: When controversies flare up the literature becomes technical Part C: Writing texts that withstand the assaults of a hostile environment Conclusion: Numbers, more numbers Chapter 2 Laboratories Part A: From texts to things: A showdown Part B: Building up counter-laboratories Part C: Appealing (to) nature PART II FROM WEAR POINTS TO STRONGHOLDS Chapter 3 Machines Introduction: The quandary of the fact-builder Part A: Translating interests Part B: Keeping the interested groups in line Part C: The model of diffusion versus the model of translation Chapter 4 Insiders Out Part A: Interesting others in the laboratories Part B: Counting allies and resources PART III FROM SHORT TO LONGER NETWORKS Chapter 5 Tribunals of Reason Part A: The trials of rationality Part B: Sociologics Part C: Who needs hard facts? Chapter 6 Centres of calculation Prologue: The domestication of the savage mind Part A: Action at a distance Part B: Centres of calculation Part C: Metrologies Appendix 1
8,173 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1962
TL;DR: In the classic bestseller, Capitalism and Freedom, Friedman presents his view of the proper role of competitive capitalism as both a device for achieving economic freedom and a necessary condition for political freedom as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the classic bestseller, Capitalism and Freedom, Milton Friedman presents his view of the proper role of competitive capitalism--the organization of economic activity through private enterprise operating in a free market--as both a device for achieving economic freedom and a necessary condition for political freedom. Beginning with a discussion of principles of a liberal society, Friedman applies them to such constantly pressing problems as monetary policy, discrimination, education, income distribution, welfare, and poverty. "Milton Friedman is one of the nation's outstanding economists, distinguished for remarkable analytical powers and technical virtuosity. He is unfailingly enlightening, independent, courageous, penetrating, and above all, stimulating."-Henry Hazlitt, Newsweek "It is a rare professor who greatly alters the thinking of his professional colleagues. It's an even rarer one who helps transform the world. Friedman has done both."-Stephen Chapman, Chicago Tribune
7,026 citations
6,926 citations
"The moral economy of grades and sta..." refers background in this paper
...On the one hand, the social studies of science has been much in#uenced through the Actor Network Theory developed by Latour (1987, 1993) and Callon (Callon, 1991; Callon and Latour, 1992; Callon et al., 1986) among others (e.g., Law, 1994)....
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...…of Edmund Stone: Mathematical Instruments are the means by which those noble sciences, geometry and philosophy, are render'd 8As both Rouse (1987) and Latour (1987) have noted, the illusion of universality is constructed by a set of speci"c events and actions that are always local in character....
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