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Journal ArticleDOI

The moral economy of grades and standards

01 Jul 2000-Journal of Rural Studies (Pergamon)-Vol. 16, Iss: 3, pp 273-283
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that grades and standards are part of the moral economy of the modern world, and that they both set norms for behavior and standardize (create uniformity).
About: This article is published in Journal of Rural Studies.The article was published on 2000-07-01. It has received 313 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Generally Accepted Auditing Standards & Standardization.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors observed through two years of fieldwork (participant observation and interviews) how the viticulture sector suffers aggressive intrusion by agribusiness, positioning farmers at the confluence of a market economy monopolized by three large companies.
Abstract: El Penedès is a traditional viticulture area, and this activity has been essential to the region's economic development and the construction of its identity. Throughout the last three centuries, family and subsistence farming became a market-oriented economy, characterized by significant mechanization, grape monocultures, and dependence on chemical inputs. Small-scale agriculture therefore shifted from being the centre of household economies to a job or a supplementary source of income for a small number of family members. In the summer of 2019, grape prices dropped to levels that jeopardized the sustainability of many small farms, whose final selling prices were not even sufficient to cover production costs. In this context, I have observed through two years of fieldwork (participant observation and interviews) how the viticulture sector suffers aggressive intrusion by agribusiness, positioning farmers at the confluence of a market economy monopolized by three large companies, regulation at different scales that has proved inefficient in ensuring the sustainability of small-scale agriculture, and a territorial model that reallocates agricultural land to logistics infrastructure. This article concludes that despite farmers' demands for just prices to ensure economic viability and dignity, the sustainability of small farms is effectively under threat today in El Penedès. Indeed, farmers are entangled in a capitalist moral economy that impedes the possibility of imagining real non-exploitative socioeconomic relations and thereby reproduces and reinforces existing patterns of capital accumulation.

1 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined governance dynamics in the Peruvian alpaca fiber chain in the context of state-sponsored standardization by building on and extending Global Value Chain theory through an examination of governance dynamics.
Abstract: This article builds on and extends Global Value Chain theory through an examination of governance dynamics in the Peruvian alpaca fibre chain in the context of state-sponsored standardization durin...

1 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define a negotiation procedure for wholesalers and retailers, who are divided in two populations: loyal retailers who always visit the same seller first and opportunistic retailers who look for the best prices.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to show the particular role of buyer loyalty in a perishable goods market. For this we build an agent-based model, inspired by a wholesale market on which we had performed some qualitative field study. In this model we define a very simple negotiation procedure for wholesalers and retailers, who are divided in two populations: loyal retailers who always visit the same seller first and opportunistic retailers who look for the best prices. In this setting, the presence of opportunistic retailers increases the quantity of waste and reduces global earnings for all agents. We then endogenize the attitude of retailers with a reinforcement learning mechanism and show that the number of loyal retailers reaches 80-100% of the population, depending on the difference of prices between expensive and cheap goods, which is the interval in which the production of waste is minimal. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013

1 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Jun 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the factors and key areas of modernization of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan and identified the most significant factors in the modernization at the republican and regional levels.
Abstract: The purpose of the work is to study the factors and key areas of modernization of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. In the investigated problematic, the key issues are determining the factors and mechanisms that can affect both the current functioning of the agro-industrial complex and its modernization. The research methodology is based on the application of an institutional approach to substantiating the mechanisms of modernization of the agro-industrial complex. The information base of the study was the legislative and regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research is aimed at analytical generalization and systematization of multifaceted theoretical, methodological, applied research and scientific understanding of the factors and key areas of modernization of the agro-industrial complex. The strengths and weaknesses of the management systems of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan are determined, taking into account the influence of external factors. The conceptual aspects of modeling the organizational and economic mechanism of functioning of the agro-industrial complex in Kazakhstan at the macro- and micro-levels are substantiated with an emphasis on the administrative (managerial), financial and economic and material and technical groups of factors. The study made it possible to identify the most significant factors in the modernization of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan at the republican and regional levels. On the basis of the identified factors, the key directions of modernization of the agro-industrial complex are proposed and substantiated. The conclusions of the study may be of interest to government authorities in the field of the agro-industrial complex in the process of developing the agro-industrial policy of Kazakhstan, preparing program documents for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the republic; as well as for scientists, doctoral students and undergraduates engaged in research on the topic.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
20 Jun 1978-Telos
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present La Volonté de Savoir, the methodological introduction of a projected five-volume history of sexuality, which seems to have a special fascination for Foucault: the gradual emergence of medicine as an institution, the birth of political economy, demography and linguistics as human sciences, the invention of incarceration and confinement for the control of the "other" in society (the mad, the libertine, the criminal) and that special violence that lurks beneath the power to control discourse.
Abstract: This writer who has warned us of the “ideological” function of both the oeuvre and the author as unquestioned forms of discursive organization has gone quite far in constituting for both these “fictitious unities” the name (with all the problems of such a designation) Michel Foucault. One text under review, La Volonté de Savoir, is the methodological introduction of a projected five-volume history of sexuality. It will apparently circle back over that material which seems to have a special fascination for Foucault: the gradual emergence of medicine as an institution, the birth of political economy, demography and linguistics as “human sciences,” the invention of incarceration and confinement for the control of the “other” in society (the mad, the libertine, the criminal) and that special violence that lurks beneath the power to control discourse.

15,794 citations


"The moral economy of grades and sta..." refers background in this paper

  • ...As Foucault (1977) has suggested, some, perhaps most, of these relations of power are benign....

    [...]

Book
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: This article argued that we are modern as long as we split our political process in two - between politics proper, and science and technology, which allowed the formidable expansion of the Western empires.
Abstract: What makes us modern? This is a classic question in philosophy as well as in political science. However it is often raised without including science and technology in its definition. The argument of this book is that we are modern as long as we split our political process in two - between politics proper, and science and technology. This division allows the formidable expansion of the Western empires. However it has become more and more difficult to maintain this distance between science and politics. Hence the postmodern predicament - the feeling that the modern stance is no longer acceptable but that there is no alternative. The solution, advances one of France's leading sociologists of science, is to realize that we have never been modern to begin with. The comparative anthropology this text provides reintroduces science to the fabric of daily life and aims to make us compatible both with our past and with other cultures wrongly called pre-modern.

8,858 citations


"The moral economy of grades and sta..." refers background in this paper

  • ...On the one hand, the social studies of science has been much in#uenced through the Actor Network Theory developed by Latour (1987, 1993) and Callon (Callon, 1991; Callon and Latour, 1992; Callon et al., 1986) among others (e.g., Law, 1994)....

    [...]

Book
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the quandary of the fact-builder is explored in the context of science and technology in a laboratory setting, and the model of diffusion versus translation is discussed.
Abstract: Acknowledgements Introduction Opening Pandora's Black Box PART I FROM WEARER TO STRONGER RHETORIC Chapter I Literature Part A: Controversies Part B: When controversies flare up the literature becomes technical Part C: Writing texts that withstand the assaults of a hostile environment Conclusion: Numbers, more numbers Chapter 2 Laboratories Part A: From texts to things: A showdown Part B: Building up counter-laboratories Part C: Appealing (to) nature PART II FROM WEAR POINTS TO STRONGHOLDS Chapter 3 Machines Introduction: The quandary of the fact-builder Part A: Translating interests Part B: Keeping the interested groups in line Part C: The model of diffusion versus the model of translation Chapter 4 Insiders Out Part A: Interesting others in the laboratories Part B: Counting allies and resources PART III FROM SHORT TO LONGER NETWORKS Chapter 5 Tribunals of Reason Part A: The trials of rationality Part B: Sociologics Part C: Who needs hard facts? Chapter 6 Centres of calculation Prologue: The domestication of the savage mind Part A: Action at a distance Part B: Centres of calculation Part C: Metrologies Appendix 1

8,173 citations

Book
01 Jan 1962
TL;DR: In the classic bestseller, Capitalism and Freedom, Friedman presents his view of the proper role of competitive capitalism as both a device for achieving economic freedom and a necessary condition for political freedom as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the classic bestseller, Capitalism and Freedom, Milton Friedman presents his view of the proper role of competitive capitalism--the organization of economic activity through private enterprise operating in a free market--as both a device for achieving economic freedom and a necessary condition for political freedom. Beginning with a discussion of principles of a liberal society, Friedman applies them to such constantly pressing problems as monetary policy, discrimination, education, income distribution, welfare, and poverty. "Milton Friedman is one of the nation's outstanding economists, distinguished for remarkable analytical powers and technical virtuosity. He is unfailingly enlightening, independent, courageous, penetrating, and above all, stimulating."-Henry Hazlitt, Newsweek "It is a rare professor who greatly alters the thinking of his professional colleagues. It's an even rarer one who helps transform the world. Friedman has done both."-Stephen Chapman, Chicago Tribune

7,026 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

6,926 citations


"The moral economy of grades and sta..." refers background in this paper

  • ...On the one hand, the social studies of science has been much in#uenced through the Actor Network Theory developed by Latour (1987, 1993) and Callon (Callon, 1991; Callon and Latour, 1992; Callon et al., 1986) among others (e.g., Law, 1994)....

    [...]

  • ...…of Edmund Stone: Mathematical Instruments are the means by which those noble sciences, geometry and philosophy, are render'd 8As both Rouse (1987) and Latour (1987) have noted, the illusion of universality is constructed by a set of speci"c events and actions that are always local in character....

    [...]