The moral economy of grades and standards

doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00061-3

Home
/
Papers
/
The moral economy of grades and standards

Journal Article•DOI•

The moral economy of grades and standards

Lawrence Busch¹•Institutions (1)

Michigan State University¹

01 Jul 2000-Journal of Rural Studies (Pergamon)-Vol. 16, Iss: 3, pp 273-283

TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that grades and standards are part of the moral economy of the modern world, and that they both set norms for behavior and standardize (create uniformity).

read less

About: This article is published in Journal of Rural Studies.The article was published on 2000-07-01. It has received 313 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Generally Accepted Auditing Standards & Standardization.

...read moreread less

Citations

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•

A history of food

[...]

Wyczanski A

01 Jan 1999-Acta Poloniae Historica

TL;DR: A history of food writer's guide to how to pick the book in various file kinds as well as media, which can be excellent resource for reading.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Have spare times? Read a history of food writer by Why? A best seller publication in the world with excellent worth as well as content is combined with fascinating words. Where? Simply here, in this website you could read online. Want download? Naturally offered, download them likewise here. Available data are as word, ppt, txt, kindle, pdf, rar, and also zip. Need a great electronic book? a history of food by , the best one! Wan na get it? Locate this exceptional e-book by below currently. Download and install or review online is available. Why we are the best website for downloading this a history of food Certainly, you can pick the book in various file kinds as well as media. Try to find ppt, txt, pdf, word, rar, zip, and kindle? Why not? Obtain them below, now! Whatever our proffesion, a history of food can be excellent resource for reading. Discover the existing reports of word, txt, kindle, ppt, zip, pdf, and rar in this site. You can completely read online or download this book by here. Currently, never miss it. GO TO THE TECHNICAL WRITING FOR AN EXPANDED TYPE OF THIS A HISTORY OF FOOD, ALONG WITH A CORRECTLY FORMATTED VERSION OF THE INSTANCE MANUAL PAGE ABOVE.

...read moreread less

90 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The legitimacy of biofuel certification

[...]

Lena Partzsch¹•Institutions (1)

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ¹

01 Sep 2011-Agriculture and Human Values

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the legitimacy of private governance and certification by the biofuel industry, highlighting opportunities and challenges, and argue that the concept of output based legitimacy is problematic in the case of biofuel as long as no consensus or commonly agreed "best" solution has been established on what sustainable biofuel production is.

...read moreread less

Abstract: The biofuel boom is placing enormous demands on existing cropping systems, with the most crucial consequences in the agri-food sector. The biofuel industry is responding by initiating private governance and certification. The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and the Cramer Commission, among others, have formulated criteria on “sustainable” biofuel production and processing. This article explores the legitimacy of private governance and certification by the biofuel industry, highlighting opportunities and challenges. It argues that the concept of output based legitimacy is problematic in the case of biofuel as long as no consensus or commonly agreed “best” solution has been established on what sustainable biofuel production is. Furthermore, it shows that the private governance initiatives analyzed fail to adequately include actors from developing countries. Finally, the article argues that we need mechanisms for control and accountability in order to guarantee that the political output of biofuel certification serves the common welfare.

...read moreread less

88 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Keeping the stress off the sheep? Agricultural intensification, neoliberalism, and ‘good’ farming in New Zealand

[...]

Julia H. Haggerty¹, Julia H. Haggerty², Hugh Campbell², Hugh Campbell¹, Carolyn Morris¹, Carolyn Morris² - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

University of Otago¹, University of Canterbury²

01 Sep 2009-Geoforum

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a case study of sheep farmers on the South Island that reveals contestation and transitions in traditional markers of "good farming" particularly animal health, and observe how such transitions arise from reconfigurations of the relationships between agro-ecological, political and social histories.

...read moreread less

86 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Trojan Pig: Paradoxes of Food Safety Regulation

[...]

Elizabeth Cullen Dunn¹•Institutions (1)

University of Colorado Boulder¹

01 Aug 2003-Environment and Planning A

TL;DR: In the case of the Polish meatpacking industry, this paper showed that standards often create new barriers because they are embedded in specific geographies, and the social legacies of previous economic systems give small-scale producers tools such as informal markets, personal social ties, and political organizing skills that can be used to create barriers for large multinational competitors.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Standards, including food safety standards, have become a key tool in the governance of the world economy. The current drive to harmonize these standards on a global scale is supposed to reduce technical barriers to trade and create conditions for fair and free trade. However, as the case of the Polish meatpacking industry shows, standards often create new barriers because they are embedded in specific geographies. On the one hand, many harmonized standards favor large-scale multinational capital and bar local small-scale producers. On the other hand, the social legacies of previous economic systems—in this case, state socialism—give small-scale producers tools such as informal markets, personal social ties, and political organizing skills that can be used to create barriers for large multinational competitors.

...read moreread less

82 citations

Cites background from "The moral economy of grades and sta..."

...They do so because they are more than simple technical rules for organizing markets and ensuring product quality, but are complex technologies which attempt to regulate social and ethical behavior in capitalist markets (Busch, 2000)....
[...]
...Therefore, rather than accepting standards as rules which standardize not only things, but workers, markets, capitalists, or consumers (Busch, 2000, page 273), it is important to understand how standards are entwined with the social and historical specificities of given places....
[...]
...(Busch, 2000, page 276), rural Poles use alternative notions of value and other ethical frameworks to circumvent or block standardization....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Trust and Distrust: Cognitive Decisions or Social Relations?

[...]

Unni Kjærnes¹•Institutions (1)

National Institute for Consumer Research¹

01 Dec 2006-Journal of Risk Research

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss explanations to variations and changes in consumer trust in food and argue that trust is based on other issues than food safety, and people are generally more sceptical when it comes to ethical issues, quality or nutrition.

...read moreread less

Abstract: The issue of consumer trust has repeatedly been raised in relation to food policy events in Europe over the last couple of decades. Based on the project ‘Consumer Trust in Food’ (funded by the European Commission, contract no. QLK1‐CT‐2001‐00291), the paper discusses explanations to variations and changes in trust. Representative population surveys were conducted in Denmark, Italy, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, and Portugal. Opinions on trust in food show large and consistent differences across the countries. While trust is high in Great Britain and Scandinavia, levels are generally much lower in Italy, Portugal and Germany. It may seem as if the considerable regulatory and market‐based reforms that came in the aftermath of the BSE crisis have had positive impacts on trust. But trust is based even on other issues than food safety, and people are generally more sceptical when it comes to ethical issues, quality or nutrition. It is argued that cognitive models, focussing on individual risk perception and ...

...read moreread less

79 citations

Cites background from "The moral economy of grades and sta..."

...…knowledge and regulation has frequently been mentioned as important and characteristic features that lead to unpredictability, fragmentation and contradictions, seen as core features of modern consumption and contemporary issues of trust (Busch, 2000; Gabriel and Lang, 1995; Almås, 1999)....
[...]
...The number and types of economic agents involved in interdependent exchanges is large and changing, including different types of retail outlet, food processors (branded and supermarket own‐label), distributors, logistics, packaging, marketing, seed manufacture, farmers, agricultural services, technology experts, auditors, marketing consultants, and so on (Harvey, 2002 ; Lyon, 1998 ; Busch, 2000 )....
[...]
...…including different types of retail outlet, food processors (branded and supermarket own-label), distributors, logistics, packaging, marketing, seed manufacture, farmers, agricultural services, technology experts, auditors, marketing consultants, and so on (Harvey, 2002; Lyon, 1998; Busch, 2000)....
[...]
...…processes in the area of food seem to be associated with the legitimization of institutional solutions, including systems of quality and safety assurance, a proliferation of independent audit systems, traceability and transparency, and new forms of consumer representation (Busch, 2000; Lyon, 1998)....
[...]

1
2
3
…
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
…
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

Collapse

References

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison

[...]

Robert D'Amico

20 Jun 1978-Telos

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present La Volonté de Savoir, the methodological introduction of a projected five-volume history of sexuality, which seems to have a special fascination for Foucault: the gradual emergence of medicine as an institution, the birth of political economy, demography and linguistics as human sciences, the invention of incarceration and confinement for the control of the "other" in society (the mad, the libertine, the criminal) and that special violence that lurks beneath the power to control discourse.

...read moreread less

Abstract: This writer who has warned us of the “ideological” function of both the oeuvre and the author as unquestioned forms of discursive organization has gone quite far in constituting for both these “fictitious unities” the name (with all the problems of such a designation) Michel Foucault. One text under review, La Volonté de Savoir, is the methodological introduction of a projected five-volume history of sexuality. It will apparently circle back over that material which seems to have a special fascination for Foucault: the gradual emergence of medicine as an institution, the birth of political economy, demography and linguistics as “human sciences,” the invention of incarceration and confinement for the control of the “other” in society (the mad, the libertine, the criminal) and that special violence that lurks beneath the power to control discourse.

...read moreread less

15,794 citations

"The moral economy of grades and sta..." refers background in this paper

...As Foucault (1977) has suggested, some, perhaps most, of these relations of power are benign....
[...]

Book•

We Have Never Been Modern

[...]

Bruno Latour

01 Jan 1991

TL;DR: This article argued that we are modern as long as we split our political process in two - between politics proper, and science and technology, which allowed the formidable expansion of the Western empires.

...read moreread less

Abstract: What makes us modern? This is a classic question in philosophy as well as in political science. However it is often raised without including science and technology in its definition. The argument of this book is that we are modern as long as we split our political process in two - between politics proper, and science and technology. This division allows the formidable expansion of the Western empires. However it has become more and more difficult to maintain this distance between science and politics. Hence the postmodern predicament - the feeling that the modern stance is no longer acceptable but that there is no alternative. The solution, advances one of France's leading sociologists of science, is to realize that we have never been modern to begin with. The comparative anthropology this text provides reintroduces science to the fabric of daily life and aims to make us compatible both with our past and with other cultures wrongly called pre-modern.

...read moreread less

8,858 citations

"The moral economy of grades and sta..." refers background in this paper

...On the one hand, the social studies of science has been much in#uenced through the Actor Network Theory developed by Latour (1987, 1993) and Callon (Callon, 1991; Callon and Latour, 1992; Callon et al., 1986) among others (e.g., Law, 1994)....
[...]

Book•

Science in action : how to follow scientists and engineers through society

[...]

Bruno Latour

01 Jan 1987

TL;DR: In this article, the quandary of the fact-builder is explored in the context of science and technology in a laboratory setting, and the model of diffusion versus translation is discussed.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Acknowledgements Introduction Opening Pandora's Black Box PART I FROM WEARER TO STRONGER RHETORIC Chapter I Literature Part A: Controversies Part B: When controversies flare up the literature becomes technical Part C: Writing texts that withstand the assaults of a hostile environment Conclusion: Numbers, more numbers Chapter 2 Laboratories Part A: From texts to things: A showdown Part B: Building up counter-laboratories Part C: Appealing (to) nature PART II FROM WEAR POINTS TO STRONGHOLDS Chapter 3 Machines Introduction: The quandary of the fact-builder Part A: Translating interests Part B: Keeping the interested groups in line Part C: The model of diffusion versus the model of translation Chapter 4 Insiders Out Part A: Interesting others in the laboratories Part B: Counting allies and resources PART III FROM SHORT TO LONGER NETWORKS Chapter 5 Tribunals of Reason Part A: The trials of rationality Part B: Sociologics Part C: Who needs hard facts? Chapter 6 Centres of calculation Prologue: The domestication of the savage mind Part A: Action at a distance Part B: Centres of calculation Part C: Metrologies Appendix 1

...read moreread less

8,173 citations

Book•

Capitalism and Freedom

[...]

Milton Friedman

01 Jan 1962

TL;DR: In the classic bestseller, Capitalism and Freedom, Friedman presents his view of the proper role of competitive capitalism as both a device for achieving economic freedom and a necessary condition for political freedom as mentioned in this paper.

...read moreread less

Abstract: In the classic bestseller, Capitalism and Freedom, Milton Friedman presents his view of the proper role of competitive capitalism--the organization of economic activity through private enterprise operating in a free market--as both a device for achieving economic freedom and a necessary condition for political freedom. Beginning with a discussion of principles of a liberal society, Friedman applies them to such constantly pressing problems as monetary policy, discrimination, education, income distribution, welfare, and poverty. "Milton Friedman is one of the nation's outstanding economists, distinguished for remarkable analytical powers and technical virtuosity. He is unfailingly enlightening, independent, courageous, penetrating, and above all, stimulating."-Henry Hazlitt, Newsweek "It is a rare professor who greatly alters the thinking of his professional colleagues. It's an even rarer one who helps transform the world. Friedman has done both."-Stephen Chapman, Chicago Tribune

...read moreread less

7,026 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Science in action : How to follow scientists and engineers through society

[...]

Wiebe E. Bijker, Bruno Latour

01 Jan 1988-Technology and Culture

6,926 citations

"The moral economy of grades and sta..." refers background in this paper

...On the one hand, the social studies of science has been much in#uenced through the Actor Network Theory developed by Latour (1987, 1993) and Callon (Callon, 1991; Callon and Latour, 1992; Callon et al., 1986) among others (e.g., Law, 1994)....
[...]
...…of Edmund Stone: Mathematical Instruments are the means by which those noble sciences, geometry and philosophy, are render'd 8As both Rouse (1987) and Latour (1987) have noted, the illusion of universality is constructed by a set of speci"c events and actions that are always local in character....
[...]