Abstract: This research found that significant progress has been made overall in developing a refugee policy in Eurasia (which was defined in this study as the countries comprising the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine/Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan; and the Central European countries of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Slovak Republic and Slovenia). In Central Europe, the EU integration process was found to be the main engine for the refugee policy development (a condition for EU membership), though the situation with regard to its implementation was less impressive. However, as these countries are all EU Member States, (following Bulgaria and Romania’s entry in January 2007), they are evolving into the common European asylum space, which is meant, among others, to uphold at least minimum standards of refugee protection. The research also highlighted how institutions and implementation matter. For example, the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg could play an increasing role in upholding basic protection standards upon referrals to it from national courts in EU Member States under Article 234 of the Treaty of Rome 1957, as amended by the Amsterdam and subsequent texts, in order to provide judicial protection and to clarify the scope and meaning of European law in numerous areas, including asylum. Prospects for functioning refugee policies are bleaker in the CIS countries, which are not part of the EU harmonization process. Despite some notable successes as well as greatly varying results achieved through the CIS Conference, most CIS countries have not yet bridged critical gaps in regards to legislative and administrative frameworks, humanitarian status, documentation and integration of refugees, or raised public awareness to reduce xenophobia, discrimination, and intolerance. However, the seven Eastern European countries of the CIS (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Belarus, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine) are at least members of the European Human Rights Convention, which, if applied adequately, supports refugees’ need for protection. In Central Asia, European judicial protection is not applicable. Despite the ratification of the international refugee standards in four of the five Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan), the post September 11 climate tends to take precedence over refugees’ need for protection. Nevertheless, these countries, with the notable exception of Uzbekistan, at least made initially encouraging efforts in developing and implementing refugee policies and discussed these issues in international fora. These papers provide a means for UNHCR staff, consultants, interns and associates, as well as external researchers, to publish the preliminary results of their research on refugee-related issues. The papers do not represent the official views of UNHCR. They are also available online under ‘publications’ at