The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria

doi:10.1080/08985626.2011.577242

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The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria

Journal Article•DOI•

The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria

Sophie Bacq¹, Frank Janssen¹•Institutions (1)

Université catholique de Louvain¹

24 Jun 2011-Entrepreneurship and Regional Development (Routledge)-Vol. 23, Iss: 5, pp 373-403

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine whether there is a transatlantic divide in the way social entrepreneurship is conceived and defined, and present the different geographical perspectives of social entrepreneurship in North American and European literatures.

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Abstract: Social entrepreneurship has recently received greater recognition from the public sector, as well as from scholars. However, the lack of a unifying paradigm in the field has lead to a proliferation of definitions. Moreover, several approaches of the phenomenon, as well as different schools of thought, have emerged in different regions of the world. At first glance, because of different conceptions of capitalism and of the government's role, there seems to be a difference between the American and the European conceptions of social entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to clarify the concepts of ‘social entrepreneurship’, ‘social entrepreneur’ and ‘social entrepreneurship organization’ and to examine whether there is a transatlantic divide in the way these are conceived and defined. After having justified the need for a definition, we present the different geographical perspectives. North American and European literatures on social entrepreneurship are critically analysed by means of Gartner's fo...

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Journal Article•DOI•

Social innovation: Moving the field forward. A conceptual framework

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Giovany Cajaiba-Santana¹•Institutions (1)

KEDGE Business School¹

01 Feb 2014-Technological Forecasting and Social Change

TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a new conceptual framework to investigate social innovation as a driver of social change in management, entrepreneurship, and public management, which is based on institutional and structuration theories.

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706 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Social entrepreneurship as an essentially contested concept: Opening a new avenue for systematic future research

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Nia Choi¹, Satyajit Majumdar¹•Institutions (1)

Tata Institute of Social Sciences¹

01 May 2014-Journal of Business Venturing

TL;DR: This paper proposed the conceptualization of social entrepreneurship as a cluster concept, which can serve as a conceptual tool to help advancing social entrepreneurship in a coherent field of research despite its contested nature.

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509 citations

Cites background or methods from "The multiple faces of social entrep..."

...Authors such as Defourny and Nyssens (2008), Bacq and Janssen (2011), and Smith et al. (2012) investigated (3) organizational aspects of social entrepreneurship....
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...Others, however, view the social entrepreneur as a visionary, innovative, and risk-taking change-maker (Bacq and Janssen, 2011)....
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...Building on Gartner's (1985) framework for describing venture creation, Bacq and Janssen (2011) also describe the concept of social entrepreneurship by compartmentalizing it into sub-categories such as the social entrepreneur, the social entrepreneurship organization, and the process of social…...
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...For the case of social entrepreneurship, Bacq and Janssen (2011: 388) describe the problem of internal complexity and various describability by stating that “since social entrepreneurship has proven to be a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, there is no standardised, universally accepted definition to define the scope of the concept”. Collier et al. (2006: 217) distinguish between two different forms of varying descriptions. Firstly, various describability can occur in the form of an “exclusive emphasis on one or another facet of the concept”; secondly, it can involve different facets that are “emphasized to varying degrees, involving contrasting relative importance”. Both forms of various describability are apparent in descriptions of social entrepreneurship. One example for the exclusive emphasis on one aspect is Dees' (1998a) definition of social entrepreneurship. Dees (1998a) defines the concept in his article “The meaning of social entrepreneurship” on the basis of the individual social entrepreneur, which clearly shows that he values the aspect of the social entrepreneur as most central to the concept....
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...The internally complex character of social entrepreneurship has been acknowledged by several authors who described it as a complex, multi-dimensional concept (e.g. Nicholls, 2008; Weerawardena and Mort, 2006) and a multi-faceted phenomenon (Bacq and Janssen, 2011)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Social Entrepreneurship Research: Past Achievements and Future Promises:

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Tina Saebi¹, Nicolai J. Foss², Stefan Linder³•Institutions (3)

Norwegian School of Economics¹, Bocconi University², ESSEC Business School³

01 Jan 2019-Journal of Management

TL;DR: The past decade has witnessed a surge of research interest in social entrepreneurship (SE), which has resulted in important insights concerning the role of SE in fostering inclusive growth and instigating social entrepreneurship.

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457 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions

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Kai Hockerts

01 Jan 2017-Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extended the model proposed by Mair and Noboa (2006) by including four antecedents which they suggest predict social entrepreneurial intentions, and tested the model by including p...

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Abstract: This article tests the model proposed by Mair and Noboa (2006) who identify four antecedents which they suggest predict social entrepreneurial intentions. The study extends the model by including p...

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323 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Social entrepreneurship research: A review and future research agenda

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Parul Gupta¹, Sumedha Chauhan², Justin Paul³, Mahadeo Jaiswal⁴•Institutions (4)

Management Development Institute¹, Global University (GU)², University of Puerto Rico³, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad⁴

01 May 2020-Journal of Business Research

TL;DR: In this article, a systematic review of 188 peer reviewed SSCI journal articles published in the last decade is presented, which presents an overview of recent social entrepreneurship research, classifying it in five main themes while identifying the thrust areas of research in each.

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244 citations

Cites background from "The multiple faces of social entrep..."

...(2012), Weerawardena and Mort (2012), Bacq and Janssen (2011), Bloom...
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...On the other hand, Bacq and Janssen (2011) emphasise that individual entrepreneurs make a significant...
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research

[...]

Scott Shane¹, Sankaran Venkataraman²•Institutions (2)

University of Maryland, College Park¹, University of Virginia²

01 Jan 2000-Academy of Management Review

TL;DR: In this article, the authors draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field of entrepreneurship, and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields.

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Abstract: To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked a conceptual framework. In this note we draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field. With this framework we explain a set of empirical phenomena and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields.

...read moreread less

11,161 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

“Who Is an Entrepreneur?” Is the Wrong Question:

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William B. Gartner¹•Institutions (1)

Georgetown University¹

01 Apr 1988-Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define entrepreneurship as "the creation of organizations" and argue that what differentiates entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs is that entrepreneurs create organizations, while non-Entrepreneurs do not.

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Abstract: Entrepreneurship is the creation of organizations. What differentiates entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs is that entrepreneurs create organizations, while non-entrepreneurs do not. In behavioral...

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3,480 citations

"The multiple faces of social entrep..." refers background in this paper

...Gartner (1988) tackled important questions such as ‘Has entrepreneurship become a label of convenience with little inherent meaning?’ or ‘Is entrepreneurship just a buzzword, or does it have particular characteristics that can be identified and studied?’...
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...However, since the works of Gartner (1988), we know that the question of ‘Who’ is not necessarily the right one to ask....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Social Entrepreneurship Reserach: a Source of Explanation, Prediction and Delight

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Johanna Mair¹, Ignasi Marti Lanuza¹•Institutions (1)

University of Navarra¹

28 Feb 2005-Social Science Research Network

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors put forward a view of social entrepreneurship as a process that catalyzes social change and/or addresses important social needs in a way that is not dominated by direct financial benefits for the entrepreneurs.

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Abstract: Social entrepreneurship, as a practice and a field for scholarly investigation, provides a unique opportunity to challenge, question, and rethink concepts and assumptions from different fields of management and business research. This paper puts forward a view of social entrepreneurship as a process that catalyzes social change and/or addresses important social needs in a way that is not dominated by direct financial benefits for the entrepreneurs. Social entrepreneurship is seen as differing from other forms of entrepreneurship in the relatively higher priority given to promoting social value and development versus capturing economic value. To stimulate future research the authors introduce the concept of embeddedness as a nexus between theoretical perspectives for the study of social entrepreneurship. Different research methodologies and their implications are discussed.

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2,804 citations

"The multiple faces of social entrep..." refers background in this paper

...First, social entrepreneurship research is still phenomenon-driven (Mair and Martı́ 2006)....
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...Mair and Martı́ (2006) investigated whether social entrepreneurship is a distinctive field of research or whether it is based on other disciplines....
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...Mair and Martı́ (2006, 37) view social entrepreneurship as a ‘process of creating value by combining resources in new ways’....
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...Moreover, ‘its boundaries with other fields of research remain fuzzy’ (Mair and Martı́ 2006, 36)....
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...For Mair and Martı́ (2006), it is the organizational context in which social entrepreneurship occurs that differentiates it from activism....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?

[...]

James E. Austin¹, Howard H. Stevenson¹, Jane Wei-Skillern¹•Institutions (1)

Harvard University¹

01 Jan 2006-Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice

TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative analysis of commercial and social entrepreneurship using a prevailing analytical model from commercial entrepreneurship is presented, highlighting key similarities and differences between these two forms of entrepreneurship and presents a framework on how to approach the social entrepreneurial process more systematically and effectively.

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Abstract: Entrepreneurship has been the engine propelling much of the growth of the business sector as well as a driving force behind the rapid expansion of the social sector. This article offers a comparative analysis of commercial and social entrepreneurship using a prevailing analytical model from commercial entrepreneurship. The analysis highlights key similarities and differences between these two forms of entrepreneurship and presents a framework on how to approach the social entrepreneurial process more systematically and effectively. We explore the implications of this analysis of social entrepreneurship for both practitioners and researchers.

...read moreread less

2,628 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Source of Explanation, Prediction, and Delight

[...]

Johanna Mair¹, Ignasi Marti¹•Institutions (1)

University of Navarra¹

01 Feb 2006-Journal of World Business

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors put forward a view of social entrepreneurship as a process that catalyzes social change and addresses important social needs in a way that is not dominated by direct financial benefits for the entrepreneurs.

...read moreread less

2,538 citations