The Nature of Recollection and Familiarity: A Review of 30 Years of Research
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that recall is more sensitive than familiarity to response speeding, division of attention, generation, semantic encoding, the effects of aging, and the amnestic effects of benzodiazepines, while familiarity is less sensitive to shifts in response criterion, fluency manipulations, forgetting over short retention intervals, and some perceptual manipulations.
About: This article is published in Journal of Memory and Language.The article was published on 2002-04-01. It has received 3434 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Recognition memory & Recall.
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TL;DR: Evidence from neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological studies of humans, monkeys, and rats indicates that different subregions of the MTL make distinct contributions to recollection and familiarity; the data suggest that the hippocampus is critical for recollection but not familiarity.
Abstract: The ability to recognize a previously experienced stimulus is supported by two processes: recollection of the stimulus in the context of other information associated with the experience, and a sense of familiarity with the features of the stimulus. Although familiarity and recollection are functionally distinct, there is considerable debate about how these kinds of memory are supported by regions in the medial temporal lobes (MTL). Here, we review evidence for the distinction between recollection and familiarity and then consider the evidence regarding the neural mechanisms of these processes. Evidence from neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological studies of humans, monkeys, and rats indicates that different subregions of the MTL make distinct contributions to recollection and familiarity. The data suggest that the hippocampus is critical for recollection but not familiarity. The parahippocampal cortex also contributes to recollection, possibly via the representation and retrieval of contextual (especially spatial) information, whereas perirhinal cortex contributes to and is necessary for familiarity-based recognition. The findings are consistent with an anatomically guided hypothesis about the functional organization of the MTL and suggest mechanisms by which the anatomical components of the MTL interact to support the phenomenology of recollection and familiarity.
2,378 citations
TL;DR: The size of the corpus, the language register on which the corpus is based, and the definition of the frequency measure were investigated, finding that lemma frequencies are not superior to word form frequencies in English and that a measure of contextual diversity is better than a measure based on raw frequency of occurrence.
Abstract: Word frequency is the most important variable in research on word processing and memory. Yet, the main criterion for selecting word frequency norms has been the availability of the measure, rather than its quality. As a result, much research is still based on the old Kucera and Francis frequency norms. By using the lexical decision times of recently published megastudies, we show how bad this measure is and what must be done to improve it. In particular, we investigated the size of the corpus, the language register on which the corpus is based, and the definition of the frequency measure. We observed that corpus size is of practical importance for small sizes (depending on the frequency of the word), but not for sizes above 16–30 million words. As for the language register, we found that frequencies based on television and film subtitles are better than frequencies based on written sources, certainly for the monosyllabic and bisyllabic words used in psycholinguistic research. Finally, we found that lemma frequencies are not superior to word form frequencies in English and that a measure of contextual diversity is better than a measure based on raw frequency of occurrence. Part of the superiority of the latter is due to the words that are frequently used as names. Assembling a new frequency norm on the basis of these considerations turned out to predict word processing times much better than did the existing norms (including Kucera & Francis and Celex). The new SUBTL frequency norms from the SUBTLEXUS corpus are freely available for research purposes from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental, as well as from the University of Ghent and Lexique Web sites.
2,106 citations
Cites background from "The Nature of Recollection and Fami..."
...At the same time, high-frequency words are easier to recall but more difficult to recognize in episodic memory tasks (e.g., Glanzer & Bowles, 1976; Yonelinas, 2002)....
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TL;DR: This article surveys the fMRI literature on PPC activation during remembering, a literature that complements earlier electroencephalography data and proposes three hypotheses concerning how parietal cortex might contribute to memory.
1,484 citations
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: This review explores insights into the relations between emotion and cognition that have resulted from studies of the human amygdala, suggesting that the classic division between the study of emotion and Cognition may be unrealistic and that an understanding of human cognition requires the consideration of emotion.
Abstract: Traditional approaches to the study of cognition emphasize an information-processing view that has generally excluded emotion. In contrast, the recent emergence of cognitive neuroscience as an inspiration for understanding human cognition has highlighted its interaction with emotion. This review explores insights into the relations between emotion and cognition that have resulted from studies of the human amygdala. Five topics are explored: emotional learning, emotion and memory, emotion's influence on attention and perception, processing emotion in social stimuli, and changing emotional responses. Investigations into the neural systems underlying human behavior demonstrate that the mechanisms of emotion and cognition are intertwined from early perception to reasoning. These findings suggest that the classic division between the study of emotion and cognition may be unrealistic and that an understanding of human cognition requires the consideration of emotion.
1,403 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review explores insights into the relations between emotion and cognition that have resulted from studies of the human amygdala and suggests that an understanding of human cognition requires the consideration of emotion.
Abstract: Traditional approaches to the study of cognition emphasize an information-processing view that has generally excluded emotion. In contrast, the recent emergence of cognitive neuroscience as an inspiration for understanding human cognition has highlighted its interaction with emotion. This review explores insights into the relations between emotion and cognition that have resulted from studies of the human amygdala. Five topics are explored: emotional learning, emotion and memory, emotion's influence on attention and perception, processing emotion in social stimuli, and changing emotional responses. Investigations into the neural systems underlying human behavior demonstrate that the mechanisms of emotion and cognition are intertwined from early perception to reasoning. These findings suggest that the classic division between the study of emotion and cognition may be unrealistic and that an understanding of human cognition requires the consideration of emotion.
1,338 citations
References
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TL;DR: This paper reviewed the evidence for multistore theories of memory and pointed out some difficulties with the approach and proposed an alternative framework for human memory research in terms of depth or levels of processing.
8,195 citations
TL;DR: Tested the 2-process theory of detection, search, and attention presented by the current authors (1977) in a series of experiments and demonstrated the qualitative difference between 2 modes of information processing: automatic detection and controlled search.
Abstract: Tested the 2-process theory of detection, search, and attention presented by the current authors (1977) in a series of experiments. The studies (a) demonstrate the qualitative difference between 2 modes of information processing: automatic detection and controlled search; (b) trace the course of the
7,032 citations
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25 Jan 1991TL;DR: This book discusses Detection and Discrimination of Compound Stimuli: Tools for Multidimensional Detection Theory and Multi-Interval Discrimination Designs and Adaptive Methods for Estimating Empirical Thresholds.
Abstract: Both a user's guide and a theoretical exposition of modern detection theory, incorporating recent developments and covering the two major alternative versions of detection theory.
6,408 citations
"The Nature of Recollection and Fami..." refers background in this paper
...…familiarity is well described as signal detection process in which old and ne items form Gaussian familiarity distribution such that the old items are on average more miliar than new items and the variance asso ated with the two distributions is approximate nequal (see MacMillan & Creelman, 1991)....
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TL;DR: The account presented here suggests that memories are first stored via synaptic changes in the hippocampal system, that these changes support reinstatement of recent memories in the neocortex, that neocortical synapses change a little on each reinstatement, and that remote memory is based on accumulated neocorticals changes.
Abstract: Damage to the hippocampal system disrupts recent memory but leaves remote memory intact. The account presented here suggests that memories are first stored via synaptic changes in the hippocampal system, that these changes support reinstatement of recent memories in the neocortex, that neocortical synapses change a little on each reinstatement, and that remote memory is based on accumulated neocortical changes. Models that learn via changes to connections help explain this organization. These models discover the structure in ensembles of items if learning of each item is gradual and interleaved with learning about other items. This suggests that the neocortex learns slowly to discover the structure in ensembles of experiences. The hippocampal system permits rapid learning of new items without disrupting this structure, and reinstatement of new memories interleaves them with others to integrate them into structured neocortical memory systems.
4,288 citations
3,876 citations
"The Nature of Recollection and Fami..." refers background in this paper
...systems (Tulving, 1985, 1982; Tulving & Schacter, 1990; Tulving & Markowitsch, 1998 Nyberg, Cabeza, & Tulving, 1996; Wheele Stuss, & Tulving, 1997), includingepisodic memory, which gives rise to the conscious ex perience of “remembering” (i.e., recollection and semantic memory, which gives rise to…...
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