The neuroprogressive nature of major depressive disorder: pathways to disease evolution and resistance, and therapeutic implications.
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TLDR
Current knowledge of the neuroprogressive processes that may occur in MDD is reviewed, including structural brain consequences and potential molecular mechanisms including the role of neurotransmitter systems, inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways, neurotrophins and regulation of neurogenesis, cortisol and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis modulation.Abstract:
In some patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), individual illness characteristics appear consistent with those of a neuroprogressive illness. Features of neuroprogression include poorer symptomatic, treatment and functional outcomes in patients with earlier disease onset and increased number and length of depressive episodes. In such patients, longer and more frequent depressive episodes appear to increase vulnerability for further episodes, precipitating an accelerating and progressive illness course leading to functional decline. Evidence from clinical, biochemical and neuroimaging studies appear to support this model and are informing novel therapeutic approaches. This paper reviews current knowledge of the neuroprogressive processes that may occur in MDD, including structural brain consequences and potential molecular mechanisms including the role of neurotransmitter systems, inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways, neurotrophins and regulation of neurogenesis, cortisol and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis modulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic and dietary influences. Evidence-based novel treatments informed by this knowledge are discussed.read more
Citations
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TL;DR: The identification of known sources of inflammation provides support for inflammation as a mediating pathway to both risk and neuroprogression in depression.
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Oxidative & nitrosative stress in depression: why so much stress?
Steven Moylan,Steven Moylan,Michael Berk,Olivia M Dean,Yuval Samuni,Lana J. Williams,Adrienne O'Neil,Amie C. Hayley,Julie A. Pasco,George M. Anderson,Felice N. Jacka,Michael Maes +11 more
TL;DR: This review examines and details a model through which a complex series of environmental factors and biological pathways contribute to increased redox signaling and consequently increased O&NS in mood disorders.
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