The Optics of the Compound Eye of the Honeybee (Apis mellifera)
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TLDR
The characterization of the visual field of an ommatidium by means of an admittance function permits the analysis of the influence of different stimuli on the eye.Abstract:
The optical system of the compound eye of the worker honeybee, as a representative of the closed-rhabdom type of eye, was investigated and its function analyzed. Measurements of refractive indices of the elements of the optical system were made with an interference microscope. With the use of the resulting measurements, the optical system was analyzed by means of a ray-tracing procedure implemented for the IBM 7094 digital computer, and by means of the Gaussian thick lens formulae. The more detailed results of the ray-tracing technique were used for further analyses. Direct visual confirmation of the focal point was obtained. The rhabdom and the surrounding zone of lower refractive index act together as a wave guide, as demonstrated by the presence of several wave guide modes in the rhabdom. An admittance function was defined as the percentage of the rays reaching the rhabdom with respect to those entering the ommatidium. Good agreement with experimental results was found. The characterization of the visual field of an ommatidium by means of an admittance function permits the analysis of the influence of different stimuli on the eye.read more
Citations
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Book ChapterDOI
Physics of Vision in Compound Eyes
TL;DR: Invertebrates are the class par excellence where one finds all manner of variations in the structure and arrangement of photoreceptors and their associated light-gathering and processing structures as mentioned in this paper.
Book ChapterDOI
Sampling of the Visual Environment by the Compound Eye of the Fly: Fundamentals and Applications
TL;DR: This paper reviews some experiments which have been done to elucidate how a fly looks at its surroundings and considers stimulation for such a study out of the conviction that the neural processing of information in the compound eye might better be unravelled with a precise stimulation of single receptor cells.
Book ChapterDOI
The visual system of insects
TL;DR: This chapter focuses on the structural organization of compound eyes, which are the principal photoreceptors of adult insects and is characterized by markedly different sizes and pigmentation of ommatidia.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nocturnal vision and landmark orientation in a tropical halictid bee.
TL;DR: Despite the scarcity of photons, Megalopta is able to visually orient to landmarks at night in a dark forest understory, an ability permitted by unusually sensitive apposition eyes and neural photon summation.
References
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Book
Principles of Optics
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss various topics about optics, such as geometrical theories, image forming instruments, and optics of metals and crystals, including interference, interferometers, and diffraction.
Journal ArticleDOI
Light Scattering by Small Particles
H. C. Van de Hulst,V. Twersky +1 more
TL;DR: Light scattering by small particles as mentioned in this paper, Light scattering by Small Particle Scattering (LPS), Light scattering with small particles (LSC), Light Scattering by Small Parts (LSP),
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Light Scattering by Small Particles
TL;DR: Light scattering by small particles as mentioned in this paper, Light scattering by Small Particle Scattering (LPS), Light scattering with small particles (LSC), Light Scattering by Small Parts (LSP),
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Field theory of guided waves
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model for waveguide decomposition in terms of waveguide discontinuities and waveguides and cavities, and apply it to artificial dielectrics.