Journal Article•
The orbital branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion and their relationship with internal carotid nerve branches in primates.
About: This article is published in Journal of Anatomy.The article was published on 1970-03-01 and is currently open access. It has received 105 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Pterygopalatine ganglion & Parasympathetic nervous system.
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TL;DR: This review focuses on the neural regulation of lacrimal gland secretion under normal and dry eye conditions.
376 citations
TL;DR: Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct autonomic influences on the vasculature of the optic nerve, choroid, ciliary body, and iris, as well as via indirect influences on retinal blood flow.
Abstract: The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this by way of parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia, and by way of sympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the superior cervical ganglion. Ciliary ganglion neurons project to the ciliary body and the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris to control ocular accommodation and pupil constriction, respectively. Superior cervical ganglion neurons project to the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris to control pupil dilation. Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct autonomic influences on the vasculature of the optic nerve, choroid, ciliary body, and iris, as well as via indirect influences on retinal blood flow. In mammals, this vasculature is innervated by vasodilatory fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and by vasoconstrictive fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. Intraocular pressure is regulated primarily through the balance of aqueous humor formation and outflow. Autonomic regulation of ciliary body blood vessels and the ciliary epithelium is an important determinant of aqueous humor formation; autonomic regulation of the trabecular meshwork and episcleral blood vessels is an important determinant of aqueous humor outflow. These tissues are all innervated by fibers from the pterygopalatine and superior cervical ganglia. In addition to these classical autonomic pathways, trigeminal sensory fibers exert local, intrinsic influences on many of these regions of the eye, as well as on some neurons within the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia.
375 citations
Patent•
07 May 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, a control unit is adapted to drive the one or more electrodes to apply a current to the site capable of inducing an increase in permeability of a blood-brain barrier (BBB), a change in cerebral blood flow of the patient, and/or an inhibition of parasympathetic activity of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG).
Abstract: Apparatus for modifying a property of a brain of a patient is provided, including one or more electrodes (7), adapted to be applied to a site selected from a group of sites consisting of: a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) (6) of the patient and a neural tract originating in or leading to the SPG. A control unit (8) is adapted to drive the one or more electrodes to apply a current to the site capable of inducing (a) an increase in permeability of a blood-brain barrier (BBB) of the patient, (b) a change in cerebral blood flow of the patient, and/or (c) an inhibition of parasympathetic activity of the SPG.
139 citations
TL;DR: These results provide the first identification of parasympathetic cell bodies projecting to cerebral blood vessels.
Abstract: The location of the postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies projecting to cerebral arteries is unknown. Using axonal tracing techniques, we examined whether the sphenopalatine ganglia (associated with the seventh cranial nerve) and otic ganglia (associated with ninth cranial nerve) contain perikarya which send axons to the feline middle cerebral artery (MCA). The tracers horseradish peroxidase (HRP: 3 cats) or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA: 6 cats) were applied to the MCA in a slow release polymeric system. Three days later the SPG, otic ganglia, and rete mirabile were harvested bilaterally and processed for tracer by the TMB method (HRP) or immunohistochemistry (WGA). In a given animal, approximately equal numbers of cells containing axonal tracer were found in both SPG. Labeled fibers occasionally could be seen extending into the vidian nerve. Positive cells were also found in the otic ganglia and in the walls of the internal rete mirabile. These results provide the first identification of parasympathetic cell bodies projecting to cerebral blood vessels.
127 citations
TL;DR: It seems likely that each major segment of the cephalic circulation is supplied by local VIP-immunoreactive neurons, which are well placed to allow redistribution of arterial blood flow within the head.
123 citations