The organization of human postural movements: A formal basis and experimental synthesis
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"The organization of human postural ..." refers background in this paper
...Given the universality and importance of global schemes for interpreting sensory information and controlling muscular contractions, it is surprising to find only a few attempts to formulate experimentally testable hypotheses incorporating multi-element interactions: Principles governing the interactions among elements of the sensorimotor system were one of Bernstein's (1967) major interests....
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...In a related way, we think, their references to neural signals that require interpretation, their appeals to memory (presumably of previous trajectories, previous initial conditions, previous sensory consequences, and previous postural achievements), and their supposition of anatomically defined senses uniquely tied to distinct frames of reference seem to run counter to the general Bernsteinian (1967) strategy that they are pursuing, that is, compressing in a principled fashion a movement problem of potentially very many degrees of freedom into a movement problem of very few degrees of freedom....
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...Given the universality and importance of global schemes for interpreting sensory information and controlling muscular contractions, it is surprising to find only a few attempts to formulate experimentally testable hypotheses incorporating multi-element interactions: Principles governing the interactions among elements of the sensorimotor system were one of Bernstein's (1967) major interests. Through human postural experiments Bernstein's students have attempted to demonstrate his ideas (e.g., Arutyunyan, Gurfinkel & Mirski 1969; Gurfinkel, Kots, Pal'tsev & Feldman 1971). Greene (1972; 1975; 1982) proposed schemes that allow complex behaviors of a limb to be pieced together from a repertoire of elementary units using simplifying assumptions based upon past experience. Grossberg (1983) has developed a theory of nerve network dynamics which would allow such chunking of neural control....
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...The number of controllable elements and control parameters makes the search for simplifying assumptions necessary (Bernstein 1967), but not simple. Nashner & McCollum (N & M) have presented an intriguing and useful scheme for the organization of postural movements based on their elegant experimental work. Their model rests heavily on their simplifying assumptions of: (1) miniminal number of muscles used; and (2) minimal amount of calculated accuracy. Since Bernstein (1967), some necessity for a minimal neural calculation constraint is difficult to dispute....
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...The conceptual model presented in the target article by Nashner & McCollum (N & M) is notable as one of the more advanced experimentally supported applications of the Bernsteinian approach to the physiology of motor control (Bernstein 1967; Whiting 1984) to appear in the Western physiological literature....
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