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Journal ArticleDOI

The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity

TL;DR: In this paper, the organization of networks in the human cerebrum was explored using resting-state functional connectivity MRI data from 1,000 subjects and a clustering approach was employed to identify and replicate networks of functionally coupled regions across the cerebral cortex.
Abstract: Information processing in the cerebral cortex involves interactions among distributed areas. Anatomical connectivity suggests that certain areas form local hierarchical relations such as within the visual system. Other connectivity patterns, particularly among association areas, suggest the presence of large-scale circuits without clear hierarchical relations. In this study the organization of networks in the human cerebrum was explored using resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Data from 1,000 subjects were registered using surface-based alignment. A clustering approach was employed to identify and replicate networks of functionally coupled regions across the cerebral cortex. The results revealed local networks confined to sensory and motor cortices as well as distributed networks of association regions. Within the sensory and motor cortices, functional connectivity followed topographic representations across adjacent areas. In association cortex, the connectivity patterns often showed abrupt transitions between network boundaries. Focused analyses were performed to better understand properties of network connectivity. A canonical sensory-motor pathway involving primary visual area, putative middle temporal area complex (MT+), lateral intraparietal area, and frontal eye field was analyzed to explore how interactions might arise within and between networks. Results showed that adjacent regions of the MT+ complex demonstrate differential connectivity consistent with a hierarchical pathway that spans networks. The functional connectivity of parietal and prefrontal association cortices was next explored. Distinct connectivity profiles of neighboring regions suggest they participate in distributed networks that, while showing evidence for interactions, are embedded within largely parallel, interdigitated circuits. We conclude by discussing the organization of these large-scale cerebral networks in relation to monkey anatomy and their potential evolutionary expansion in humans to support cognition.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Progress made during the first half of the Human Connectome Project project in refining the methods for data acquisition and analysis provides grounds for optimism that the HCP datasets and associated methods and software will become increasingly valuable resources for characterizing human brain connectivity and function, their relationship to behavior, and their heritability and genetic underpinnings.

4,388 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Nov 2011-Neuron
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied functional brain organization in healthy adults using resting state functional connectivity MRI and proposed two novel brain wide graphs, one of 264 putative functional areas, the other a modification of voxelwise networks that eliminates potentially artificial short-distance relationships.

3,517 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
11 Aug 2016-Nature
TL;DR: Using multi-modal magnetic resonance images from the Human Connectome Project and an objective semi-automated neuroanatomical approach, 180 areas per hemisphere are delineated bounded by sharp changes in cortical architecture, function, connectivity, and/or topography in a precisely aligned group average of 210 healthy young adults.
Abstract: Understanding the amazingly complex human cerebral cortex requires a map (or parcellation) of its major subdivisions, known as cortical areas. Making an accurate areal map has been a century-old objective in neuroscience. Using multi-modal magnetic resonance images from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and an objective semi-automated neuroanatomical approach, we delineated 180 areas per hemisphere bounded by sharp changes in cortical architecture, function, connectivity, and/or topography in a precisely aligned group average of 210 healthy young adults. We characterized 97 new areas and 83 areas previously reported using post-mortem microscopy or other specialized study-specific approaches. To enable automated delineation and identification of these areas in new HCP subjects and in future studies, we trained a machine-learning classifier to recognize the multi-modal 'fingerprint' of each cortical area. This classifier detected the presence of 96.6% of the cortical areas in new subjects, replicated the group parcellation, and could correctly locate areas in individuals with atypical parcellations. The freely available parcellation and classifier will enable substantially improved neuroanatomical precision for studies of the structural and functional organization of human cerebral cortex and its variation across individuals and in development, aging, and disease.

3,414 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that motion-induced signal changes are often complex and variable waveforms, often shared across nearly all brain voxels, and often persist more than 10s after motion ceases, which increase observed RSFC correlations in a distance-dependent manner.

2,713 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: DTI tractography provides a novel approach to sensitively examine circuit-specific abnormalities in HD and has identified that the motor cortico-striatal circuit is selectively vulnerable in HD.

87 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used physiological mapping in rhesus monkey to define subregions in precentral motor cortex (M1), injected isotope tracers into M1 and the supplementary motor area (SMA), and studied projections to the basis pontis.
Abstract: Motor corticopontine studies suggest that the pons is topographically organized, but details remain unresolved. We used physiological mapping in rhesus monkey to define subregions in precentral motor cortex (M1), injected isotope tracers into M1 and the supplementary motor area (SMA), and studied projections to the basis pontis. Labeled fibers descend in the internal capsule (SMA in anterior limb and genu; M1 in posterior limb) and traverse the midsection of the cerebral peduncle, where SMA fibers are medial, and face, arm, and leg fibers are progressively lateral. Each motor region has unique terminations in the ipsilateral basis pontis and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Projections are topographically organized, preferentially in the caudal half of the pons, situated in close proximity to traversing corticofugal fibers. In nuclei that receive multiple inputs, terminations appear to interdigitate. Projections from the SMA-face region are most medial and include the median pontine nucleus. M1-face projections are also medial but are lateral to those from SMA-face. Hand projections are in medially placed curved lamellae in mid- and caudal pons. Dorsal trunk projections are in medial and ventral locations. Ventral trunk/hip projections encircle the peduncle in the caudal pons. Foot projections are heaviest caudally in laterally placed, curved lamellae. These results have relevance for anatomical clinical correlations in the human basis pontis. Furthermore, the dichotomy of motor-predominant caudal pons projections to cerebellar anterior lobe, contrasted with associative-predominant rostral pons projections to cerebellar posterior lobe, is consistent with new hypotheses regarding the cerebellar contribution to motor activity and cognitive processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:248–268, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

87 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that the homologous body regions of the SMA and MI send widespread, and substantially overlapping projections, to portions of the striatum.
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to determine if the cortical efferents from homologous body regions of the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the primary motor cortex (MI) project to separate or to overlapping regions in the striatum. In order to investigate the dual corticostriatal projections, we employed an anterograde double labeling paradigm in which two tracers could be simultaneously detected in the same histological section. Prior to the injections, the forelimb representation in the two cortical motor areas was identified by using intracortical microstimulation in four Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Multiple injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) were made into the forelimb regions of MI and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the arm region of the SMA. In additional animals, the tracers were reversed such that BDA was injected into the SMA and WGA-HRP was injected into the MI. The tissue was processed sequentially using different chromogens in order to visualize both tracers in a single section. We analyzed the distribution of the ipsilateral anterograde label. The striatal labeling from each cortical area basically consisted of a wide band of patchy dense labeling interrupted by lighter labeling. The SMA striatal projections were located mainly within the putamen, distributing from the level of the anterior commissure to the most posterior extent of the putamen. At an intermediate level, the label spread obliquely from the ventrolateral edge of the putamen dorsomedially as far as the lateral edge of the caudate nucleus. The label from the MI was observed in comparable portions of the putamen, although the SMA projections were shifted more anterior and dorsomedial to the MI projections and the heaviest projections from the SMA and the MI were separately located. On the basis of the double anterograde labeling technique, we found considerable overlap mainly in the central portion of the putamen from the SMA and MI forelimb representation. These results suggest that the homologous body regions of the SMA and MI send widespread, and substantially overlapping projections, to portions of the striatum. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

83 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As indicated in FIGURE 1, the primate forebrain has evolved in hierarchic fashion along the lines of three basic patterns that, in the diagram, are labeled “reptilian,’ “paleomammalian,” and “neomammilian.”
Abstract: As indicated in FIGURE 1, the primate forebrain has evolved in hierarchic fashion along the lines of three basic patterns that, in the diagram, are labeled “reptilian,” “paleomammalian,” and “neomammalian.” We possess, as it were, three different brains welded into one1*2*3-a triune brain.’ Despite some progress in our knowledge of the anatomy and chemistry of the three basic formations, we know remarkably little about how they are integrated and how they function together.

80 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mystery of cerebellar enlargement in humans is not yet solved and requires further research, and a valuable adaptive advantage is the possibility that the cerebellum couples the motor function of articulating speech to the mental function that selects the language to be spoken, thus helping to produce fluent human speech and language.
Abstract: The mystery of the human cerebellum is this: Why did it enlarge so dramatically in the last million years of human evolution, concomitantly with the greater enlargement of the cerebral cortex? A solution to this mystery was proposed in the 20th century as a result of research by several groups of scientists who investigated the contributions of the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex. In contrast to the 19th century investigations, which were focused on the motor functions of the cerebellum, the focus of the subsequent investigations was expanded to include some mental functions because evidence was produced that the cerebellum contributes to cognition. It was proposed that the combination in the cerebellum of motor and mental capabilities enables the cerebellum to confer on humans some adaptive advantages of great value, and this ability would explain why the human cerebellum has continued to enlarge so dramatically. A valuable adaptive advantage that is included in the proposal is the possibility that the cerebellum couples the motor function of articulating speech to the mental function that selects the language to be spoken, thus helping to produce fluent human speech and language. The validity of this proposal about linguistic processing has not yet been verified. Therefore the mystery of cerebellar enlargement in humans is not yet solved and requires further research.

78 citations