The ozone monitoring instrument

doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.872333

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The ozone monitoring instrument

Journal Article•DOI•

The ozone monitoring instrument

Pieternel F. Levelt, G. H. J. van den Oord, Marcel Dobber, A. Malkki¹, Hubregt J. Visser², Johan de Vries, Piet Stammes³, J.O.V. Lundell, Heikki Saari⁴ - Show less +5 more•Institutions (4)

Finnish Meteorological Institute¹, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research², Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute³, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland⁴

24 Apr 2006-IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IEEE)-Vol. 44, Iss: 5, pp 1093-1101

TL;DR: The Ozone Monitoring Instrument is a ultraviolet/visible nadir solar backscatter spectrometer, which provides nearly global coverage in one day with a spatial resolution of 13 km/spl times/24 km and will enable detection of air pollution on urban scale resolution.

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Abstract: The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) flies on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System Aura satellite launched in July 2004. OMI is a ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) nadir solar backscatter spectrometer, which provides nearly global coverage in one day with a spatial resolution of 13 km/spl times/24 km. Trace gases measured include O/sub 3/, NO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/, HCHO, BrO, and OClO. In addition, OMI will measure aerosol characteristics, cloud top heights, and UV irradiance at the surface. OMI's unique capabilities for measuring important trace gases with a small footprint and daily global coverage will be a major contribution to our understanding of stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry and climate change. OMI's high spatial resolution is unprecedented and will enable detection of air pollution on urban scale resolution. In this paper, the instrument and its performance will be discussed.

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Journal Article•DOI•

The Earth observing system microwave limb sounder (EOS MLS) on the aura Satellite

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Joe W. Waters¹, Lucien Froidevaux¹, Robert S. Harwood², Robert Jarnot¹, Herbert M. Pickett¹, William G. Read¹, Peter H. Siegel¹, Richard E. Cofield¹, M. J. Filipiak², D. A. Flower¹, James R. Holden¹, G.K. Lau¹, Nathaniel J. Livesey¹, G. L. Manney¹, Hugh C. Pumphrey², Michelle L. Santee¹, Dong Wu¹, D. T. Cuddy¹, R.R. Lay¹, M. S. Loo¹, V. S. Perun¹, M. J. Schwartz¹, P. C. Stek¹, R. P. Thurstans¹, M.A. Boyles¹, K.M. Chandra¹, M. C. Chavez¹, Gun-Shing Chen¹, B.V. Chudasama¹, R. Dodge¹, R. A. Fuller¹, M.A. Girard¹, Jonathan H. Jiang¹, Yibo Jiang¹, Brian Knosp¹, R.C. LaBelle¹, J.C. Lam¹, K.A. Lee¹, D. Miller¹, J.E. Oswald¹, N.C. Patel¹, D.M. Pukala¹, O. Quintero¹, D.M. Scaff¹, W. Van Snyder¹, M.C. Tope¹, P. A. Wagner¹, Marc Walch¹ - Show less +44 more•Institutions (2)

Jet Propulsion Laboratory¹, University of Edinburgh²

24 Apr 2006-IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing

TL;DR: The Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder measures several atmospheric chemical species to improve the authors' understanding of stratospheric ozone chemistry, the interaction of composition and climate, and pollution in the upper troposphere.

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Abstract: The Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder measures several atmospheric chemical species (OH, HO/sub 2/, H/sub 2/O, O/sub 3/, HCl, ClO, HOCl, BrO, HNO/sub 3/, N/sub 2/O, CO, HCN, CH/sub 3/CN, volcanic SO/sub 2/), cloud ice, temperature, and geopotential height to improve our understanding of stratospheric ozone chemistry, the interaction of composition and climate, and pollution in the upper troposphere. All measurements are made simultaneously and continuously, during both day and night. The instrument uses heterodyne radiometers that observe thermal emission from the atmospheric limb in broad spectral regions centered near 118, 190, 240, and 640 GHz, and 2.5 THz. It was launched July 15, 2004 on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Aura satellite and started full-up science operations on August 13, 2004. An atmospheric limb scan and radiometric calibration for all bands are performed routinely every 25 s. Vertical profiles are retrieved every 165 km along the suborbital track, covering 82/spl deg/S to 82/spl deg/N latitudes on each orbit. Instrument performance to date has been excellent; data have been made publicly available; and initial science results have been obtained.

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1,191 citations

Additional excerpts

...The ~1 s difference between the ends of the THz and GHz scans is to reduce power transients when mirrors move quickly during retrace. ta ng en t h t ( km ) time (seconds from arbitrary zero) THz GHz TABLE VI DETAILS OF THE NOMINAL GHZ AND THZ LIMB SCANS GHz scan THz scan tangent height range (km) MIF range rate (deg/s) rate (km/MIF) tangent ht range (km) MIF range rate (deg/s) rate (km/MIF) 0-25 1-67 0.0422 0.37 0-18 1-4 0.510 4.50 18-35 5-55 0.0375 0.33 25-65 68-108 0.110 0.98 35-65 56-102 0.072 0.64 65-95 109-120 0.270 2.5 65-95 103-114 0.270 2.50 switching mirror at space view; antenna retrace 123-135 not applicable not applicable 120-154 (23.3o space view) 118-128 not applicable not applicable switching mirror at target view; antenna retrace 138-144 not applicable not applicable target view 132-138 not applicable not applicable return to 0 km limb view 145-147 not applicable not applicable areturn to 0 km limb view 139-147 not applica-ble not applicable The MLS major frame (MAF) length is usually 148 MIFs (24.67 s), but occasionally is 149 MIFs (24.83 s) to synchronize the MLS scan to the orbit....
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...Companion instruments to MLS on Aura are the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer TES [17], the Ozone Monitoring Instrument OMI [18], and the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder HIRDLS [16]....
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...Companion instruments to MLS on Aura are the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) [18], the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) [19], and the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) [17]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

TROPOMI on the ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor: A GMES mission for global observations of the atmospheric composition for climate, air quality and ozone layer applications

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J.P. Veefkind¹, J.P. Veefkind², Ilse Aben³, K McMullan⁴, H Forster⁵, J. de Vries, Gerard Otter, J. Claas¹, Henk Eskes¹, J. F. de Haan¹, Quintus Kleipool¹, M. van Weele¹, Otto Hasekamp³, Ruud W. M. Hoogeveen³, Jochen Landgraf³, Ralph Snel³, Paul J. J. Tol³, P. Ingmann⁴, Robert Voors, Bob Kruizinga, Rob Vink, HC Visser, Pieternel F. Levelt², Pieternel F. Levelt¹ - Show less +20 more•Institutions (5)

Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute¹, Delft University of Technology², Netherlands Institute for Space Research³, European Space Research and Technology Centre⁴, Netherlands Space Office⁵

15 May 2012-Remote Sensing of Environment

TL;DR: The European Space Agency's Sentinel-5 Precursor (S-5 P) is a low Earth orbit polar satellite to provide information and services on air quality, climate and the ozone layer in the timeframe 2015-2022 as discussed by the authors.

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1,092 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Aerosols and surface UV products from Ozone Monitoring Instrument observations: An overview

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Omar Torres¹, A. Tanskanen², Ben Veihelmann³, Changwoo Ahn, Remco Braak³, Pawan K. Bhartia⁴, Pepijn Veefkind³, P. F. Levelt³ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (4)

University of Maryland, Baltimore County¹, Finnish Meteorological Institute², Royal Meteorological Institute³, Goddard Space Flight Center⁴

27 Dec 2007-Journal of Geophysical Research

TL;DR: In this article, an overview of the theoretical and algorithmic aspects of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aerosol and surface UV algorithms is presented, along with several validation and evaluation analysis carried out to assess the current level of uncertainty of these products.

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Abstract: We present an overview of the theoretical and algorithmic aspects of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aerosol and surface UV algorithms. Aerosol properties are derived from two independent algorithms. The nearUV algorithm makes use of OMI observations in the 350-390 nm spectral region to retrieve information on the absorption capacity of tropospheric aerosols. OMI-derived information on aerosol absorption includes the UV Aerosol Index and absorption optical depth at 388 nm. The other algorithm makes use of the full UV-to-visible OMI spectral coverage to derive spectral aerosol extinction optical depth. OMI surface UV products include erythemally weighted daily dose as well as erythemal dose rate and spectral UV irradiances calculated for local solar noon conditions. The advantages and limitations of the current algorithms are discussed, and a brief summary of several validation and evaluation analysis carried out to assess the current level of uncertainty of these products is presented. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union. U7 - Export Date: 2 August 2010 U7 - Source: Scopus U7 - Art. No.: D24S47

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712 citations

Cites background from "The ozone monitoring instrument"

...[2] The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a highresolution spectrograph that measures the upwelling radiance at the top of the atmosphere in the ultraviolet and visible (270–500 nm) regions of the solar spectrum [Levelt et al., 2006]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011

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Gloria L. Manney¹, Gloria L. Manney², Michelle L. Santee², Markus Rex³, Nathaniel J. Livesey², Michael C. Pitts⁴, Pepijn Veefkind⁵, Pepijn Veefkind⁶, Eric R. Nash, Ingo Wohltmann³, Ralph Lehmann³, Lucien Froidevaux², Lamont R. Poole, Mark R. Schoeberl, David Haffner, Jonathan Davies⁷, Valery Dorokhov, Hartwig Gernandt³, Bryan J. Johnson⁸, Rigel Kivi⁹, Esko Kyrö⁹, Niels Larsen¹⁰, Pieternel F. Levelt¹¹, Pieternel F. Levelt⁵, Pieternel F. Levelt⁶, Alexander Makshtas¹², C. Thomas McElroy⁷, Hideaki Nakajima¹³, M. C. Parrondo¹⁴, David W. Tarasick⁷, Peter von der Gathen³, Kaley A. Walker¹⁵, Nikita S. Zinoviev¹² - Show less +29 more•Institutions (15)

New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology¹, California Institute of Technology², Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research³, Langley Research Center⁴, Delft University of Technology⁵, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute⁶, Environment Canada⁷, Earth System Research Laboratory⁸, Finnish Meteorological Institute⁹, Danish Meteorological Institute¹⁰, Eindhoven University of Technology¹¹, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute¹², National Institute for Environmental Studies¹³, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial¹⁴, University of Toronto¹⁵

27 Oct 2011-Nature

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that chemical ozone destruction over the Arctic in early 2011 was—for the first time in the observational record—comparable to that in the Antarctic ozone hole.

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Abstract: Chemical ozone destruction occurs over both polar regions in local winter–spring. In the Antarctic, essentially complete removal of lower-stratospheric ozone currently results in an ozone hole every year, whereas in the Arctic, ozone loss is highly variable and has until now been much more limited. Here we demonstrate that chemical ozone destruction over the Arctic in early 2011 was—for the first time in the observational record—comparable to that in the Antarctic ozone hole. Unusually long-lasting cold conditions in the Arctic lower stratosphere led to persistent enhancement in ozone-destroying forms of chlorine and to unprecedented ozone loss, which exceeded 80 per cent over 18–20 kilometres altitude. Our results show that Arctic ozone holes are possible even with temperatures much milder than those in the Antarctic. We cannot at present predict when such severe Arctic ozone depletion may be matched or exceeded. Since its emergence in the 1980s, the Antarctic ozone hole, the near-complete loss of lower-stratospheric ozone, has occurred every year. The possibility that a similar effect might occur in the Northern Hemisphere has been debated, but despite considerable variation in ozone levels in the Arctic, they had not reached the extremes seen in the south. Until this year. Observations made in the late winter and early spring of 2011 reveal ozone loss far outside the range previously observed over the Northern Hemisphere, comparable to some Antarctic ozone holes. The formation of the hole was driven by an unusually long cold snap and a high level of ozone-destroying chlorine. Although this effect is dramatic, it is difficult to predict whether similar Arctic ozone holes will develop in future.

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597 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source

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Ulrich Schumann¹, Heidi Huntrieser¹•Institutions (1)

German Aerospace Center¹

24 Jul 2007-Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

TL;DR: The best estimate of the annual global LNOx nitrogen oxides nitrogen mass source and its uncertainty range is (5±3) Tg a−1 in this paper, implying larger flash-specific NOx emissions.

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Abstract: . The knowledge of the lightning-induced nitrogen oxides (LNOx) source is important for understanding and predicting the nitrogen oxides and ozone distributions in the troposphere and their trends, the oxidising capacity of the atmosphere, and the lifetime of trace gases destroyed by reactions with OH. This knowledge is further required for the assessment of other important NOx sources, in particular from aviation emissions, the stratosphere, and from surface sources, and for understanding the possible feedback between climate changes and lightning. This paper reviews more than 3 decades of research. The review includes laboratory studies as well as surface, airborne and satellite-based observations of lightning and of NOx and related species in the atmosphere. Relevant data available from measurements in regions with strong LNOx influence are identified, including recent observations at midlatitudes and over tropical continents where most lightning occurs. Various methods to model LNOx at cloud scales or globally are described. Previous estimates are re-evaluated using the global annual mean flash frequency of 44±5 s−1 reported from OTD satellite data. From the review, mainly of airborne measurements near thunderstorms and cloud-resolving models, we conclude that a "typical" thunderstorm flash produces 15 (2–40)×1025 NO molecules per flash, equivalent to 250 mol NOx or 3.5 kg of N mass per flash with uncertainty factor from 0.13 to 2.7. Mainly as a result of global model studies for various LNOx parameterisations tested with related observations, the best estimate of the annual global LNOx nitrogen mass source and its uncertainty range is (5±3) Tg a−1 in this study. In spite of a smaller global flash rate, the best estimate is essentially the same as in some earlier reviews, implying larger flash-specific NOx emissions. The paper estimates the LNOx accuracy required for various applications and lays out strategies for improving estimates in the future. An accuracy of about 1 Tg a−1 or 20%, as necessary in particular for understanding tropical tropospheric chemistry, is still a challenging goal.

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573 citations

Cites background or methods from "The ozone monitoring instrument"

...Data on the global distribution of NO215 columns have been provided by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment GOME since 1995 (Burrows et al., 1999), and later by SCIAMACHY (Bovensmann et al., 1999), and OMI (Levelt et al., 2006); GOME-2 on METOP was launched recently, see Table 5....
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...Satellite-derived NO2 columns (such as from20 GOME, SCIAMACHY or OMI) may be suitable for selected periods and regions where LNOx contributions are larger than model and retrieval biases (van Noije et al., 2006; Martin et al., 2007)....
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..., 1999), and OMI (Levelt et al., 2006); GOME-2 on METOP was launched recently, see Table 5....
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...Bet-20 ter spatial coverage and observations during the early afternoon is provided by OMI (Bucsela et al., 2006)....
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...This LNOx range is obtained by comparing the model results with observations of trace gases from four satellite platforms:20 tropospheric NO2 columns from SCIAMACHY, tropospheric O3 columns from OMI and from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), and upper tropospheric HNO3 from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS)....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

SCIAMACHY: Mission Objectives and Measurement Modes

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Heinrich Bovensmann¹, John P. Burrows¹, Michael Buchwitz¹, Johannes Frerick¹, Stefan Noel¹, Vladimir Rozanov¹, Kelly Chance², Albert P. H. Goede - Show less +4 more•Institutions (2)

University of Bremen¹, Harvard University²

15 Jan 1999-Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

TL;DR: SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) is a spectrometer designed to measure sunlight transmitted, reflected, and scattered by the earth's atmosphere or surface in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelength region (240-2380 nm) at moderate spectral resolution (0.2-1.5 nm, λ/Δλ ≈ 1000-10

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Abstract: SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) is a spectrometer designed to measure sunlight transmitted, reflected, and scattered by the earth’s atmosphere or surface in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelength region (240–2380 nm) at moderate spectral resolution (0.2–1.5 nm, λ/Δλ ≈ 1000–10 000). SCIAMACHY will measure the earthshine radiance in limb and nadir viewing geometries and solar or lunar light transmitted through the atmosphere observed in occultation. The extraterrestrial solar irradiance and lunar radiance will be determined from observations of the sun and the moon above the atmosphere. The absorption, reflection, and scattering behavior of the atmosphere and the earth’s surface is determined from comparison of earthshine radiance and solar irradiance. Inversion of the ratio of earthshine radiance and solar irradiance yields information about the amounts and distribution of important atmospheric constituents and the spectral reflecta...

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1,762 citations

"The ozone monitoring instrument" refers background in this paper

...OMI is a heritage instrument of the European Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) [4] and Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instruments [5], which introduced the concept of measuring the complete spectrum in the ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared (UV/VIS/NIR) wavelength range with a high spectral resolution....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

The Earth observing system microwave limb sounder (EOS MLS) on the aura Satellite

[...]

Jet Propulsion Laboratory¹, University of Edinburgh²

24 Apr 2006-IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing

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1,191 citations

"The ozone monitoring instrument" refers background in this paper

...The Aura spacecraft also carries three other instruments: the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) [1], the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) [2], and Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) [3]....
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...MLS and HIRDLS are limb sounding instruments....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME): Mission Concept and First Scientific Results

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John P. Burrows¹, Mark Weber¹, Michael Buchwitz¹, Vladimir Rozanov¹, A. Ladstätter-Weißenmayer¹, Andreas Richter¹, Rüdiger DeBeek¹, R. Hoogen¹, Klaus Bramstedt¹, Kai-Uwe Eichmann¹, Michael Eisinger¹, Dieter Perner² - Show less +8 more•Institutions (2)

University of Bremen¹, Max Planck Society²

15 Jan 1999-Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

TL;DR: The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) is a new instrument aboard the European Space Agency's (ESA) Second European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2), which was launched in April 1995 as mentioned in this paper.

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Abstract: The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) is a new instrument aboard the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Second European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2), which was launched in April 1995. The main scientific objective of the GOME mission is to determine the global distribution of ozone and several other trace gases, which play an important role in the ozone chemistry of the earth’s stratosphere and troposphere. GOME measures the sunlight scattered from the earth’s atmosphere and/or reflected by the surface in nadir viewing mode in the spectral region 240–790 nm at a moderate spectral resolution of between 0.2 and 0.4 nm. Using the maximum 960-km across-track swath width, the spatial resolution of a GOME ground pixel is 40 × 320 km2 for the majority of the orbit and global coverage is achieved in three days after 43 orbits. Operational data products of GOME as generated by DLR-DFD, the German Data Processing and Archiving Facility (D-PAF) for GOME, comprise absolute radiometrically calibrated e...

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1,125 citations

"The ozone monitoring instrument" refers background in this paper

...OMI is a heritage instrument of the European Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) [4] and Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instruments [5], which introduced the concept of measuring the complete spectrum in the ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared (UV/VIS/NIR) wavelength range with a high spectral resolution....
[...]
...Another innovative aspect is the fact that OMI uses a polarization scrambler, which depolarizes the radiation over the complete wavelength range, as opposed to GOME and SCIAMACHY, which are polarization sensitive instruments....
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...OMI combines the advantage of GOME and SCIAMACHY with the advantage of TOMS, measuring the complete spectrum in the UV/VIS wavelength range with a very high spatial resolution (13 km 24 km) and daily global coverage....
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...This is the approach taken for GOME and SCIAMACHY (see e.g., [14])....
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...Therefore, as opposed to GOME, SCIAMACHY, and TOMS, OMI does not use a scan mirror to obtain the across track spatial information, but a large field of view (114 ), which is focused on the two-dimensional detector with an innovative optical design....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Science objectives of the ozone monitoring instrument

[...]

Pieternel F. Levelt, E. Hilsenrath¹, G. W. Leppelmeier, G. H. J. van den Oord², Pawan K. Bhartia³, Johanna Tamminen⁴, J. F. de Haan², J.P. Veefkind² - Show less +4 more•Institutions (4)

University of Maryland, Baltimore County¹, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute², Goddard Space Flight Center³, Finnish Meteorological Institute⁴

24 Apr 2006-IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing

TL;DR: The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) flies on NASA's Earth Observing System AURA satellite, launched in July 2004, and will provide near-real-time data for operational agencies in Europe and the U.S.

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Abstract: The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) flies on NASA's Earth Observing System AURA satellite, launched in July 2004. OMI is an ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) nadir solar backscatter spectrometer, which provides nearly global coverage in one day, with a spatial resolution of 13 km/spl times/24 km. Trace gases measured include O/sub 3/, NO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/, HCHO, BrO, and OClO. In addition OMI measures aerosol characteristics, cloud top heights and cloud coverage, and UV irradiance at the surface. OMI's unique capabilities for measuring important trace gases with daily global coverage and a small footprint will make a major contribution to our understanding of stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry and climate change along with Aura's other three instruments. OMI's high spatial resolution enables detection of air pollution at urban scales. Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and differential optical absorption spectroscopy heritage algorithms, as well as new ones developed by the international (Dutch, Finnish, and U.S.) OMI science team, are used to derive OMI's advanced backscatter data products. In addition to providing data for Aura's prime objectives, OMI will provide near-real-time data for operational agencies in Europe and the U.S. Examples of OMI's unique capabilities are presented in this paper.

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477 citations

"The ozone monitoring instrument" refers background or methods in this paper

...In a companion paper in this special issue describing the Science Objectives of the OMI instrument [8], the algorithms for the standard products are described....
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...The small pixel size enables OMI to look “in between” the clouds, which is very important for retrieving tropospheric information [8]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Anomalous Fraunhofer Line Profiles

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J. F. Grainger¹, J. Ring¹•Institutions (1)

University of Manchester¹

01 Feb 1962-Nature

TL;DR: In this article, the authors made observations of the H line of Ca(II) in the spectrum of moonlight, with the view of detecting any luminescent radiation which might have been present.

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Abstract: DURING the spring of 1961 we made observations of the H line of Ca(II) in the spectrum of moonlight, with the view of detecting any luminescent radiation which might have been present. The observations were made with the 50-in. reflector of the University of Padua's Observatory at Asiago.

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401 citations

"The ozone monitoring instrument" refers background in this paper

...However, due to the Raman scattering effect (also called the Ring effect [9], [10]), that effectively broaden the Fraunhofer lines and all atmospheric absorption lines in the radiance spectrum, small spectral features remain in the reflectance spectrum....
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