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Journal ArticleDOI

The Pandemic City: Urban Issues in the Time of COVID-19

02 Mar 2021-Sustainability (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)-Vol. 13, Iss: 6, pp 3295
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors look at the context for the pandemic and then review studies and debates in four areas: transformations in the configuration of public spaces, transportation, urban connectivities, and urban economies.
Abstract: Pandemics have shaped the way cities are planned and configured. Throughout history, cities have evolved to solve problems of sanitation, hygiene, and health access while providing space and opportunities for the urban dwellers. COVID-19 will have significant implications in the way cities are planned. This recent crisis highlights a number of issues. This paper looks at the context for the pandemic and then reviews studies and debates in four areas: transformations in the configuration of public spaces, transportation, urban connectivities, and urban economies. This pandemic, like other similar episodes in the past, is forcing us to rethink the nature of urban space and may be an opportunity to plan for safer, more sustainable cities.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Glaeser as mentioned in this paper is a book that was waiting to be written, a popular book on the contemporary urban co-existence, and it was published by Palgrave Macmillan.
Abstract: Edward Glaeser, Basingstoke and Oxford, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, 338 pp., £25.00 (hbk), ISBN 9780230709386 This is a book that was waiting to be written—a popular book on the contemporary urban co...

259 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In 1961, the New York Times published a review of Jane Jacobs' recently released The Death and Life of Great American Cities as discussed by the authors, and the prescient reviewer (an MIT urban studies professor) mused th...
Abstract: In 1961, the New York Times published a review of Jane Jacobs’ recently released The Death and Life of Great American Cities. In it, the prescient reviewer (an MIT urban studies professor) mused th...

85 citations

01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, epidemics and pandemics their impacts on human history is available in a book collection and an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly.
Abstract: epidemics and pandemics their impacts on human history is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the epidemics and pandemics their impacts on human history is universally compatible with any devices to read.

64 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2022-Cities
TL;DR: The COVID-19 global pandemic has brought dramatic changes to many aspects of urban life, such as lockdowns, social isolation, constrains on mobility, the closure of schools, universities and other public institutions, have resulted in a depopulation of streets, abandonment of public transport and the limitations of human contact in public spaces as discussed by the authors .

19 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Oct 2021-Cities
TL;DR: The COVID-19 global pandemic has brought dramatic changes to many aspects of urban life, such as lockdowns, social isolation, constrains on mobility, the closure of schools, universities and other public institutions, have resulted in a depopulation of streets, abandonment of public transport and the limitations of human contact in public spaces.

19 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The approaches for developing effective vaccines and therapeutic combinations to cope with this viral outbreak are discussed and the emergence and pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection and previous human coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory virus (MERS- coV) is analyzed.

2,643 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
29 Apr 2020-Science
TL;DR: It is found that social distancing alone, as implemented in China during the outbreak, is sufficient to control COVID-19, and children 0 to 14 years of age are less susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
Abstract: Intense nonpharmaceutical interventions were put in place in China to stop transmission of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As transmission intensifies in other countries, the interplay between age, contact patterns, social distancing, susceptibility to infection, and COVID-19 dynamics remains unclear. To answer these questions, we analyze contact survey data for Wuhan and Shanghai before and during the outbreak and contact-tracing information from Hunan province. Daily contacts were reduced seven- to eightfold during the COVID-19 social distancing period, with most interactions restricted to the household. We find that children 0 to 14 years of age are less susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection than adults 15 to 64 years of age (odds ratio 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.24 to 0.49), whereas individuals more than 65 years of age are more susceptible to infection (odds ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.92). Based on these data, we built a transmission model to study the impact of social distancing and school closure on transmission. We find that social distancing alone, as implemented in China during the outbreak, is sufficient to control COVID-19. Although proactive school closures cannot interrupt transmission on their own, they can reduce peak incidence by 40 to 60% and delay the epidemic.

985 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This analysis of the empirical record of the 1918-20 pandemic provides a plausible upper bound on pandemic mortality, indicating that most deaths will occur in poor countries--ie, in societies whose scarce health resources are already stretched by existing health priorities.

572 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Aug 2020-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that mammal species that harbour more pathogens overall are more likely to occur in human-managed ecosystems, suggesting that these trends may be mediated by ecological or life-history traits that influence both host status and tolerance to human disturbance.
Abstract: Land use change-for example, the conversion of natural habitats to agricultural or urban ecosystems-is widely recognized to influence the risk and emergence of zoonotic disease in humans1,2. However, whether such changes in risk are underpinned by predictable ecological changes remains unclear. It has been suggested that habitat disturbance might cause predictable changes in the local diversity and taxonomic composition of potential reservoir hosts, owing to systematic, trait-mediated differences in species resilience to human pressures3,4. Here we analyse 6,801 ecological assemblages and 376 host species worldwide, controlling for research effort, and show that land use has global and systematic effects on local zoonotic host communities. Known wildlife hosts of human-shared pathogens and parasites overall comprise a greater proportion of local species richness (18-72% higher) and total abundance (21-144% higher) in sites under substantial human use (secondary, agricultural and urban ecosystems) compared with nearby undisturbed habitats. The magnitude of this effect varies taxonomically and is strongest for rodent, bat and passerine bird zoonotic host species, which may be one factor that underpins the global importance of these taxa as zoonotic reservoirs. We further show that mammal species that harbour more pathogens overall (either human-shared or non-human-shared) are more likely to occur in human-managed ecosystems, suggesting that these trends may be mediated by ecological or life-history traits that influence both host status and tolerance to human disturbance5,6. Our results suggest that global changes in the mode and the intensity of land use are creating expanding hazardous interfaces between people, livestock and wildlife reservoirs of zoonotic disease.

423 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study imagines what the antivirus-built environment looks like based on the lessons learned and the importance of designing a healthy and sustainable built environment to add additional security layers to overcome future virus-like attacks.

380 citations