The pattern and control of reproductive development in lychee: A review
TL;DR: Potential techniques for improving the setting and retention of fruit include varietal selection, withholding of nitrogen fertilization during flowering and early fruit growth (to reduce vegetative flushing), and the maintenance of plant moisture status (irrigation, overhead misting and windbreaks).
About: This article is published in Scientia Horticulturae.The article was published on 1984-03-01. It has received 62 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Fruit abscission & Abscission.
Citations
More filters
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: The Sapindaceae or soapberry family, which contains about 2000 species in more than 125 genera, includes several important subtropical and tropical crops, among them, litchi or lychee and longan are the most popular.
Abstract: The Sapindaceae or soapberry family, which contains about 2000 species in more than 125 genera, includes several important subtropical and tropical crops, among them, litchi or lychee ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and longan ( Dimocarpus longan Lour.) are the most popular. Litchi and longan exhibit three different flower types and the fruits have a whitish pulp, sweet flavor and a very aromatic aril. Both crops have been traditionally produced and marketed in China, which is the largest litchi and longan producer and consumer country. Litchi and longan have similar environmental requirements but due to their limited environmental adaptation, cultivation is restricted to countries with subtropical climates. The Asia-Pacific region accounts for more than 95% of the world production. Over the last several decades, litchi and longan cultivation has undergone a considerable expansion worldwide. However, only a few cultivars are used for production, usually with low yield. There are hundreds of cultivars of litchi and longan collected and preserved in China; important germplasm banks have also been established in other countries. In this review we discuss several aspects of genetics and breeding of litchi and longan.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the modulation of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level by biosynthesis and inactivation during floral development was investigated by LC-ESI/MS/MS in Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn) flowers.
Abstract: To investigate the modulation of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level by biosynthesis and inactivation during floral development, IAA and its metabolites were analyzed by LC-ESI/MS/MS in Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn) flowers In the bloomed flowers, the level of free IAA was higher in males than in females In contrast, the total sum level of IAA metabolites was higher in females than in males, suggesting a higher biosynthetic activity of IAA in the females before the bloom A detailed time-course analysis from the bud stage to the developing flower stage showed higher levels of IAA in females than males The major metabolites were oxidized IAA in both sexes The results suggest that IAA is involved in the maturation of female floral tissues in lychee, and oxidative metabolism plays an essential role in controlling the free IAA levels therein
2 citations
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the influence of irrigation intervals on Physico-chemical quality attributes and skin cracking incidence in litchi fruit and found that increasing irrigation intervals decreased the fruit and pulp weight significantly with an irrigation interval of 9 days but the fruit cracking percentage increased significantly from 20.48 at 3 days irrigation interval to 27.5%.
Abstract: The study on “characterization of physico-chemical attributes of litchi fruit and its relation with fruit skin cracking” revealed that cultivar Gola with fruit weight (23.08g), pulp weight (16.58g), TSS (22.13%) and total sugars (21.57%) was significantly superior in quality attributes but also had the maximum fruit cracking (43.50%) in the studied cultivars. Cultivar Gola also had the highest reducing sugars (17.98%) and specific gravity (1.092) but the least non reducing sugars (3.59%) amongst the cultivars under study while cultivar Bedana had the least reducing sugar (5.67) and specific gravity (1.031) but the highest non reducing sugars (9.76 %), fruit skin strength (3.26 kg cm-2) and boron content (0.12 mg/100g DW) though the least fruit skin calcium content (4.375 mg/100g DW).
The experiment on “the influence of irrigation intervals on Physico-chemical quality attributes and skin cracking incidence in litchi fruit” revealed increasing irrigation intervals decreased the fruit and pulp weight significantly with irrigation interval of 9 days but the fruit cracking percentage increased significantly from 20.48 at 3 days irrigation interval to 27.55 and 31.45 when irrigation interval of 6 or 9 days respectively. Similarly, the reducing sugars content of the fruit and ion leakage from skin discs increased significantly while the skin strength, calcium and boron content of the fruit skin decreased significantly with increase in irrigation intervals.
The foliar application treatments of CaCl2 and Borax significantly increased the fruit size (4.37 cm), fruit weight (19.87g), pulp weight (14.88g), fruit skin calcium (4.79 mg/100g DW), skin boron (0.109 mg/100g DW), fruit skin strength (2.43 kg cm-2) in control to 4.62 cm, 20.79g, 15.69g, 8.88 and 0.247 CaCl2 3% + H3BO3 1.5%. By contrast the ion leakage (35.17%) and fruit cracking (25.40%) observed in control decreased to 16.17 and 11.34% respectively with CaCl2 3% + H3BO3 1.5% treatments. The planned paired means analysis revealed significant increase in fruit size, fruit weight, pulp weight, skin calcium, skin strength and decrease in ion leakage and fruit cracking in control Vs Rest and CaCl2 Vs CaCl2 + Borax treatments.
2 citations
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: A review of biotechnological advances made in lychee by overcoming the problems encountered during in vitro propagation, generation of disease resistant, and enhanced shelf life cultivars is presented in this article.
Abstract: Lychee (Litchi chinensis L.) belongs to family Sapindaceae and cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. The fruit is an excellent source of nutrients, i.e., vitamin C, and polyphenols, and other parts of plants, i.e., leaves and stem, have huge medicinal value and are used to cure various ailments. Litchi chinensis is facing several agronomic and horticultural problems such as susceptibility to many pathogens damaging preharvest and postharvest fruits, uneven fruit growth, short shelf life of fruits, high seed content, and high yielding variety. There is limited scope of conventional breeding techniques in improvement of lychee due to self-incompatibility, to long juvenile period, and to heterozygous nature. Biotechnology can complement conventional breeding and enhance the lychee improvement programs. Studies involving in vitro culture, screening, micropropagation, embryo rescue, genetic transformation, marker-assisted characterization and DNA fingerprinting, and QTL are underway at different centers worldwide for the improvement of lychee. In vitro culture, callus induction, cell suspension culture, and somatic embryogenesis of several different genotypes have been achieved. Protocols for protoplast culture and somatic hybridization of protoplast of lychee and longan have also been achieved. Isozyme markers and DNA markers offer means for gaining more insights in the genetics of the crops and identifying genes that could lead to accelerate lychee improvements. Genetic transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and physical and chemical methods has been reported. Genes that are involved with fruit ripening, disease resistant, and enhancement of shelf life have been cloned, and there have been attempts to deliver these genes into plants. Transgenic lychee was developed by introducing the SAMDC genes from Datura stramonium responsible to increase the shelf life. Studies on genetic diversity of lychee cultivars by molecular markers are found to be effective in comparison to morphological markers. The purpose of this review is to focus upon contemporary information on biotechnological advances made in lychee by overcoming the problems encountered during in vitro propagation, generation of disease resistant, and enhanced shelf life cultivars.
1 citations
TL;DR: The results from this research should prompt a re-assessment of the physiological significance of the second-sequence of female flowers in litchi cultivars with extremely large inflorescence.
1 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: The most suitable temperature regime for floral behaviour, pollen tube growth and embryo development was 25 20, and the ovules at 17 12 had an embryosac penetrated by a pollen tube.
81 citations
TL;DR: An alternative approach involves a critical study of manipulative techniques which restrict vegetative flushing and promote vegetative dormancy under non-inductive conditions, i.e. cincturing, applying growth retardants and withholding irrigation and fertilizers.
78 citations
TL;DR: The rate of pollen tube growth increased with a rise in temperature, but abnormal growth was frequently observed at 33/28 and tubes failed to reach the ovary at 17/12, and endosperm and embryo development was observed to occur at 25/20 but not at33/28 or 17/ 12 although a positive effect of...
Abstract: SummaryAvocado plants were kept in growth cabinets at 33°C day, 28°C night (33/28); 25°C day, 20°C night (25/20); and 17°C day, 12°C night (17/12), with a 12-h photoperiod and light intensity of 26000 1x. At 33/28 and 25/20 flowers opened in the afternoon as females and again the following morning as males (type B floral cycle) with some overlap of male and female stages at 25/20. At 17/12 very few flowers had a female stage, the majority opening once only as males. The duration of the flowering period decreased with a rise in temperature as did total number of flowers opening. Reproductive growth was inhibited in favour of vegetative growth at 33/28, as exhibited by smaller floral parts and abscission of buds and flowers. The rate of pollen tube growth increased with a rise in temperature, but abnormal growth was frequently observed at 33/28 and tubes failed to reach the ovary at 17/12. Endosperm and embryo development was observed to occur at 25/20 but not at 33/28 or 17/12 although a positive effect of...
70 citations
TL;DR: The growth curves of pericarp, seed and aril, and the fruit as a whole were typically sigmoidal and the developing embryo seemed to inhibit aril growth at a certain stage of development.
41 citations