The Percival 2-Megapixel monolithic active pixel imager
TL;DR: The peak brilliance reached by today's Free-Electron Laser and Synchrotron light sources requires photon detectors matching their output intensity and other characteristics in order to fully realiz...
Abstract: The peak brilliance reached by today's Free-Electron Laser and Synchrotron light sources requires photon detectors matching their output intensity and other characteristics in order to fully realiz ...
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TL;DR: A new time-resolved Resonant Soft X-rays Scattering endstation developed at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL) can deliver a soft x-ray probe with a time resolution of ∼100 fs without jitter correction and the temporal dynamics of a charge density wave on a high-temperature cuprate superconductor are demonstrated.
Abstract: Resonant elastic x-ray scattering has been widely employed for exploring complex electronic ordering phenomena, such as charge, spin, and orbital order, in particular, in strongly correlated electronic systems. In addition, recent developments in pump–probe x-ray scattering allow us to expand the investigation of the temporal dynamics of such orders. Here, we introduce a new time-resolved Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering (tr-RSXS) endstation developed at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL). This endstation has an optical laser (wavelength of 800 nm plus harmonics) as the pump source. Based on the commissioning results, the tr-RSXS at PAL-XFEL can deliver a soft x-ray probe (400 eV–1300 eV) with a time resolution of ∼100 fs without jitter correction. As an example, the temporal dynamics of a charge density wave on a high-temperature cuprate superconductor is demonstrated.
13 citations
TL;DR: The back-side-illuminated Percival 2-Megapixel (P2M) detector is presented, along with its characterization by means of optical and X-ray photons, and for the first time the response of the system to soft X-rays is presented.
Abstract: In this paper the back-side-illuminated Percival 2-Megapixel (P2M) detector is presented, along with its characterization by means of optical and X-ray photons. For the first time, the response of the system to soft X-rays (250 eV to 1 keV) is presented. The main performance parameters of the first detector are measured, assessing the capabilities in terms of noise, dynamic range and single-photon discrimination capability. Present limitations and coming improvements are discussed.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduced a new time-resolved Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering (tr-RSXS) endstation developed at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory Xray Free Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL), which has an optical laser (wavelength of 800 nm plus harmonics) as the pump source.
Abstract: Resonant elastic X-ray scattering has been widely employed for exploring complex electronic ordering phenomena, like charge, spin, and orbital order, in particular in strongly correlated electronic systems. In addition, recent developments of pump-probe X-ray scattering allow us to expand the investigation of the temporal dynamics of such orders. Here, we introduce a new time-resolved Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering (tr-RSXS) endstation developed at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL). This endstation has an optical laser (wavelength of 800 nm plus harmonics) as the pump source. Based on the commissioning results, the tr-RSXS at PAL-XFEL can deliver a soft X-ray probe (400-1300 eV) with a time resolution about ~100 fs without jitter correction. As an example, the temporal dynamics of a charge density wave on a high-temperature cuprate superconductor is demonstrated.
7 citations
TL;DR: X-ray computed micro-tomography (μCT) is one of the most advanced and common non-destructive techniques in the field of medical imaging and material science as mentioned in this paper, it allows recreating virtual models (3D...
Abstract: X-ray computed micro-tomography (μCT) is one of the most advanced and common non-destructive techniques in the field of medical imaging and material science. It allows recreating virtual models (3D ...
2 citations
TL;DR: The PERCIVAL detector as discussed by the authors is a CMOS imager designed for the soft X-ray regime at photon sources, which performs remarkably well in terms of spatial resolution achievable in the sample plane, owing to its small pixel size, large active area and very large dynamic range.
Abstract: The PERCIVAL detector is a CMOS imager designed for the soft X-ray regime at photon sources. Although still in its final development phase, it has recently seen its first user experiments: ptychography at a free-electron laser, holographic imaging at a storage ring and preliminary tests on X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. The detector performed remarkably well in terms of spatial resolution achievable in the sample plane, owing to its small pixel size, large active area and very large dynamic range; but also in terms of its frame rate, which is significantly faster than traditional CCDs. In particular, it is the combination of these features which makes PERCIVAL an attractive option for soft X-ray science.
1 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the source characteristics of the European XFEL and the planned experimental facilities that are relevant for the X-ray detectors are presented, and the requirements for the 2D Xray Detectors are stated and explained.
Abstract: The source characteristics of the European XFEL and the planned experimental facilities that are relevant for the X-ray detectors are presented, and the requirements for the 2-dimensional X-ray Detectors are stated and explained. It is clear that, although these requirements will evolve with time, they demand new detector concepts to be developed. Three X-ray detector development projects have been initiated by the European XFEL, each using a conceptually different approach to meet the stringent requirements. The basic principles used in the projects are briefly presented.
119 citations
TL;DR: The AGIPD—(Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector) is a hybrid pixel X-ray detector developed by a collaboration between Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Paul-Scherrer-Institut, University of Hamburg and the University of Bonn, and is now being manufactured.
Abstract: AGIPD—(Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector) is a hybrid pixel X-ray detector developed by a collaboration between Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Paul-Scherrer-Institut (PSI), University of Hamburg and the University of Bonn. The detector is designed to comply with the requirements of the European XFEL. The radiation tolerant Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) is designed with the following highlights: high dynamic range, spanning from single photon sensitivity up to 104 12.5keV photons, achieved by the use of the dynamic gain switching technique using 3 possible gains of the charge sensitive preamplifier. In order to store the image data, the ASIC incorporates 352 analog memory cells per pixel, allowing also to store 3 voltage levels corresponding to the selected gain. It is operated in random-access mode at 4.5MHz frame rate. The data acquisition is done during the 99.4ms between the bunch trains. The AGIPD has a pixel area of 200× 200 μ m2 and a 500μ m thick silicon sensor is used. The architecture principles were proven in different experiments and the ASIC characterization was done with a series of development prototypes. The mechanical concept was developed in the close contact with the XFEL beamline scientists and is now being manufactured. A first single module system was successfully tested at APS.
54 citations
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: AGIPD as discussed by the authors is a hybrid pixel X-ray detector developed by a collaboration between Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Paul-Scherrer- Institut (PSI), University of Hamburg and the University of Bonn.
Abstract: AGIPD — (Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector) is a hybrid pixel X-ray detector developed by a collaboration between Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Paul-Scherrer- Institut (PSI), University of Hamburg and the University of Bonn. The detector is designed to comply with the requirements of the European XFEL. The radiation tolerant Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) is designed with the following highlights: high dynamic range, spanning from single photon sensitivity up to 10 4 12.5keV photons, achieved by the use of the dynamic gain switching technique using 3 possible gains of the charge sensitive preamplifier. In order to store the image data, the ASIC incorporates 352 analog memory cells per pixel, allowing also to store 3 voltage levels corresponding to the selected gain. It is operated in random-access mode at 4.5MHz frame rate. The data acquisition is done during the 99.4ms between the bunch trains. The AGIPD has a pixel area of 200 200 mm 2 and a 500mm thick silicon sensor is used. The architecture
35 citations
TL;DR: PERCIVAL as mentioned in this paper is a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) based on CMOS technology, which can operate at frame rates up to 120 Hz and use multiple gains within its 27 μm pixels to measure (e.g. at 500 eV) 1 to 105 simultaneously arriving photons.
Abstract: With the increased brilliance of state-of-the-art Synchrotron radiation sources and the advent of Free Electron Lasers enabling revolutionary science with EUV to X-ray photons comes an urgent need for suitable photon imaging detectors. Requirements include high frame rates, very large dynamic range, single-photon counting capability with low probability of false positives, and (multi)-megapixels. PERCIVAL (``Pixelated Energy Resolving CMOS Imager, Versatile and Large'') is currently being developed by a collaboration of DESY, RAL, Elettra and DLS to address this need for the soft X-ray regime. PERCIVAL is a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS), i.e. based on CMOS technology. It will be back-thinned to access its primary energy range of 250 eV to 1 keV with target efficiencies above 90%. According to its preliminary specifications, the roughly 10 × 10 cm2, 3520 × 3710 pixel monolithic sensor will operate at frame rates up to 120 Hz (commensurate with most FELs) and use multiple gains within its 27 μm pixels to measure (e.g. at 500 eV) 1 to ~ 105 simultaneously-arriving photons. Currently, small-scale front-illuminated prototype systems (160 × 210 pixels) are undergoing detailed testing with visible-light as well as X-ray photons.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a photon-counting readout chip for X-ray detection, Medipix3, has been used for experiments at synchrotrons and DESY have developed a large area detector array (LAMBDA) system.
Abstract: Medipix3 is a photon-counting readout chip for X-ray detection. It has a small pixel size (55 μm) and a high frame rate with zero dead time, which makes it attractive for experiments at synchrotrons. Using Medipix3, DESY are developing the LAMBDA (Large Area Medipix3-Based Detector Array) system. A single LAMBDA module carries either a single large silicon sensor of 1536 by 512 pixels, or two smaller high-Z sensors. The sensor is bonded to 12 Medipix3 chips, and mounted on a ceramic carrier board. The readout system for the module then provides a fast FPGA, a large RAM and four 10 Gigabit Ethernet links to allow operation at high frame rates. Multiple modules may then be tiled together a larger area. Currently, the first large silicon modules have been constructed and tested at low speed, and the firmware for fast readout is being developed.
27 citations