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Journal ArticleDOI

The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities: decennial update and progress towards a tripartite rationale for exercise intensity prescription.

TL;DR: The evidence of a doseresponse relation between exercise intensity and affect sets the stage for a reconsideration of the rationale behind current guidelines for exercise intensity prescription.
Abstract: The public health problem of physical inactivity has proven resistant to research efforts aimed at elucidating its causes and interventions designed to alter its course. Thus, in most industrialized countries, the majority of the population is physically inactive or inadequately active. Most theoretical models of exercise behaviour assume that the decision to engage in exercise is based on cognitive factors (e.g. weighing pros and cons, appraising personal capabilities, evaluating sources of support). Another, still-under-appreciated, possibility is that these decisions are influenced by affective variables, such as whether previous exercise experiences were associated with pleasure or displeasure. This review examines 33 articles published from 1999 to 2009 on the relationship between exercise intensity and affective responses. Unlike 31 studies that were published until 1998 and were examined in a 1999 review, these more recent studies have provided evidence of a relation between the intensity of exercise and affective responses. Pleasure is reduced mainly above the ventilatory or lactate threshold or the onset of blood lactate accumulation. There are pleasant changes at sub-threshold intensities for most individuals, large inter-individual variability close to the ventilatory or lactate threshold and homogeneously negative changes at supra-threshold intensities. When the intensity is self-selected, rather than imposed, it appears to foster greater tolerance to higher intensity levels. The evidence of a doseresponse relation between exercise intensity and affect sets the stage for a reconsideration of the rationale behind current guidelines for exercise intensity prescription. Besides effectiveness and safety, it is becoming increasingly clear that the guidelines should take into account whether a certain level of exercise intensity would be likely to cause increases or decreases in pleasure.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a dual-process model is proposed to explain and predict behavior in situations in which people either remain in a state of physical inactivity or initiate action (exercise).
Abstract: This article introduces a new theory, the Affective–Reflective Theory (ART) of physical inactivity and exercise. ART aims to explain and predict behavior in situations in which people either remain in a state of physical inactivity or initiate action (exercise). It is a dual-process model and assumes that exercise-related stimuli trigger automatic associations and a resulting automatic affective valuation of exercise (type-1 process). The automatic affective valuation forms the basis for the reflective evaluation (type-2 process), which can follow if self-control resources are available. The automatic affective valuation is connected with an action impulse, whereas the reflective evaluation can result in action plans. The two processes, in constant interaction, direct the individual towards or away from changing behavior. The ART of physical inactivity and exercise predicts that, when there is an affective–reflective discrepancy and self-control resources are low, behavior is more likely to be governed by the affective type-1 process. This introductory article explains the underlying concepts and main theoretical roots from which the ART of physical inactivity and exercise was developed (field theory, affective responses to exercise, automatic evaluation, evaluation-behavior link, dual-process theorizing). We also summarize the empirical tests that have been conducted to refine the theory in its present form.

285 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive account of contemporary research examining the anxiolytic effects of exercise for anxiety disorders is provided, synthesize pertinent research regarding the effects of various types of exercise within the different anxiety disorders, and considers impact of various kinds of exercise regimens on anxiety.
Abstract: Research over the past few decades has focused on the therapeutic effects of physical exercise among those affected by mood disorders. Only recently has attention turned to maladaptive and persistent expressions of anxiety, with a growing body of evidence indicating promise for exercise as an effective treatment for some of the anxiety disorders. The current review provides a comprehensive account of contemporary research examining the anxiolytic effects of exercise for anxiety disorders. We synthesize pertinent research regarding the effects of various types of exercise within the different anxiety disorders, consider impact of various types of exercise regimens on anxiety, and examine potential anxiolytic mechanisms responsible for positive mental health gains. We conclude with important considerations for implementing exercise as a treatment for clinically significant anxiety as well as future research directions.

283 citations


Cites background from "The pleasure and displeasure people..."

  • ...[25, 44, 100, 101] To meet the challenge of this variability, the science of exercise adherence is growing.[102] One central factor for adherence is pleasure during exercise, with pleasure ratings predicting amount of exercise 6 to 12 months later....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that there is genuine potential for scalable, enjoyable high-intensity interval exercise interventions to contribute substantially to addressing areas of public health priority, including prevention and treatment of Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Abstract: Background: The efficacy of high-intensity interval training for a broad spectrum of cardio-metabolic health outcomes is not in question. Rather, the effectiveness of this form of exercise is at stake. In this paper we debate the issues concerning the likely success or failure of high-intensity interval training interventions for population-level health promotion. Discussion: Biddle maintains that high-intensity interval training cannot be a viable public health strategy as it will not be adopted or maintained by many people. This conclusion is based on an analysis of perceptions of competence, the psychologically aversive nature of high-intensity exercise, the affective component of attitudes, the less conscious elements of motivated behaviour that reflect our likes and dislikes, and analysis using the RE-AIM framework. Batterham argues that this appraisal is based on a constrained and outmoded definition of high-intensity interval training and that truly practical and scalable protocols have been - and continue to be - developed. He contends that the purported displeasure associated with this type of exercise has been overstated. Biddle suggests that the way forward is to help the least active become more active rather than the already active to do more. Batterham claims that traditional physical activity promotion has been a spectacular failure. He proposes that, within an evolutionary health promotion framework, high-intensity interval training could be a successful population strategy for producing rapid physiological adaptations benefiting public health, independent of changes in total physical activity energy expenditure. Summary: Biddle recommends that we focus our attention elsewh ere if we want population-level gains in physical activity impacting public health. His conclusion is based on his belief that high-intensity interval training interventions will have limited reach, effectiveness, and adoption, and poor implementation and maintenance. In contrast, Batterham maintains that there is genuine potential for scalable, enjoyable high-intensity interval exercise interventions to contribute substantially to addressing areas of public health priority, including prevention and treatment of Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

269 citations


Cites background from "The pleasure and displeasure people..."

  • ...The research evidence typically advanced to justify attacks on HIT based on negative affect and lack of enjoyment is grounded in dual-mode theory [13, 14]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Clinical and preclinical evidence for the efficacy of exercise at different phases of the addiction process and potential neurobiological mechanisms are discussed focusing on interactions with dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling and chromatin remodeling in the reward pathway.

239 citations

Book
28 Feb 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a three-step process to select a measure of distinct states and a domain-specific measurement for the Gordian knot of affective states, which they use to untangle the terminological Gordian knots.
Abstract: Prologue 1 Documenting the breadth and depth of the problem 2 Untangling the terminological Gordian knot 3 Should affective states be considered as distinct entities or as positioned along dimensions? 4 Are pleasant and unpleasant states independent or polar opposites? 5 Selecting a measure: a proposed three-step process 6 The old classics: measures of distinct states 7 Dimensional measures 8 Domain-specific measurement: challenges and solutions 9 Problems of domain specificity: examples from exercise Epilogue

237 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) are developed and are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period.
Abstract: In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.

34,482 citations

01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: The STAI as mentioned in this paper is an indicator of two types of anxiety, the state and trait anxiety, and measure the severity of the overall anxiety level, which is appropriate for those who have at least a sixth grade reading level.
Abstract: The STAI serves as an indicator of two types of anxiety, the state and trait anxiety, and measure the severity of the overall anxiety level.The STAI, which is appropriate for those who have at least a sixth grade reading level, contains four-point Likert items. The instrument is divided into two sections, each having twenty questions. Approximately 15 minutes are required for adults to complete the both STAI. The number on the scale is positively correlated to the anxiety related to in the question.

24,997 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as mentioned in this paper maintains that an understanding of human motivation requires a consideration of innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness, emphasizing that needs specify the necessary conditions for psychological growth, integrity, and well-being.
Abstract: Self-determination theory (SDT) maintains that an understanding of human motivation requires a consideration of innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. We discuss the SDT concept of needs as it relates to previous need theories, emphasizing that needs specify the necessary conditions for psychological growth, integrity, and well-being. This concept of needs leads to the hypotheses that different regulatory processes underlying goal pursuits are differentially associated with effective functioning and well-being and also that different goal contents have different relations to the quality of behavior and mental health, specifically because different regulatory processes and different goal contents are associated with differing degrees of need satisfaction. Social contexts and individual differences that support satisfaction of the basic needs facilitate natural growth processes including intrinsically motivated behavior and integration of extrinsic motivations, whereas those that forestall autonomy, competence, or relatedness are associated with poorer motivation, performance, and well-being. We also discuss the relation of the psychological needs to cultural values, evolutionary processes, and other contemporary motivation theories.

20,832 citations


"The pleasure and displeasure people..." refers background in this paper

  • ...However, besides the added intensity, the loss of perceived autonomy([125]) inherent in an externally imposed intensity prescription might have also lowered pleasure....

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Book
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the benefits and risks associated with physical activity and propose a general principles of exercise prescription for healthy populations with special consideration and environmental consideration, as well as a prescription for patients with chronic diseases and health conditions.
Abstract: SECTION I: HEALTH APPRAISAL AND RISK ASSESSMENT 1 Benefits and Risks Associated with Physical Activity 2 Preparticipation Health Screening SECTION II: EXERCISE TESTING 3 Preexercise Evaluation 4 Health-Related Physical Fitness Testing and Interpretation 5 Clinical Exercise Testing 6 Interpretation of Clinical Exercise Test Results SECTION III: EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION 7 General Principles of Exercise Prescription 8 Exercise Prescription for Healthy Populations With Special Considerations and Environmental Considerations 9 Exercise Prescription For Patients With Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease 10 Exercise Prescription for Populations With Other Chronic Diseases and Health Conditions 11 Behavioral Theories and Strategies for Promoting Exercise SECTION IV: APPENDICES Appendix A Common Medications Appendix B Medical Emergency Management Appendix C Electrocardiogram Interpretation Appendix D American College of Sports Medicine Certifications Appendix E Contributing Authors to the Previous Two Editions

10,477 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reports of affective experience obtained using SAM are compared to the Semantic Differential scale devised by Mehrabian and Russell (An approach to environmental psychology, 1974), which requires 18 different ratings.

7,472 citations


"The pleasure and displeasure people..." refers background in this paper

  • ...= laboratory; M = male; SAI = State Anxiety portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory([86]); SAM = Self-Assessment Manikin([87]); SEES = Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale([88]); TA = tense arousal; ....

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  • ...= laboratory; M = male; SAI = State Anxiety portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory[86]; SAM = Self-Assessment Manikin[87]; SEES = Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale[88]; TA = tense arousal; ....

    [...]

Trending Questions (1)
What are the different types of pleasure and displeasure that can be experienced from exercise?

The paper does not provide specific information about the different types of pleasure and displeasure that can be experienced from exercise.