The politics of anti-Westernism in Asia : visions of world order in pan-Islamic and pan-Asian thought

Abstract: This thesis addresses the question of how states, meaning organised political communities, were historically able to secure their sovereignty through gaining the recognition of other states. As sovereignty refers to the presence of a state’s authority, its existence is premised on states and other internal and external actors recognising claims to sovereignty. Therefore, states, such as the Ottoman Empire, which historically had a different understanding of legitimacy, faced challenges to their sovereignty following the emergence of new global understandings of sovereignty in the late nineteenth century. The Ottoman Empire was distinct in that it was the only Islamic state that was not subject to and was able to avoid completely falling under the influence of then-dominant European states. However, the Ottoman Empire still experienced European intervention and there was a desire to end forms of European extraterritorial jurisdiction. Ottoman elites, who were affiliated with the reformist Young Turks, sought to secure recognition of their state’s sovereignty by reconstituting it along novel international standards of legitimate statehood. These standards were based on the concepts of “civilised”, “militarist”, “popular” and “national” statehood, and were reinterpreted by the Young Turks in the course of their efforts to secure the recognition of European powers. These efforts included diplomacy with European powers, institutional reform and conceptual innovation. However, it also involved engaging in practices associated with sovereignty such as the control of territory. In all of these areas, the Young Turks reinterpreted aspects of the existing Ottoman legacy of statehood and international norms, to secure their claim to sovereignty. Therefore, the Ottoman state elites sought to convey an impression of governing a state that could be recognised as sovereign by other European powers. Ultimately, the remnants of the Young Turks, secured international recognition of their state, reconstituted as the nation-state of Turkey in 1923.

Abstract: ......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... iv Vita ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables............................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ............................................................................................................... ix Chapter One: Introduction ..............................................................................................1 Chapter Two: A Racial Theory of International Politics ................................................. 31 Chapter Three: Race and the Demise of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902-1923 ......... 91 Chapter Four: Race and the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty ......................................... 165 Chapter Five: Race and the 1988 Exon-Florio Amendment ......................................... 233 Chapter Six: Conclusion ............................................................................................. 295 References ................................................................................................................... 322 Appendix A: List of Texts Used in Chapter Three Content Analysis ............................ 357 Appendix B: List of Texts Used in Chapter Four Content Analysis .............................. 363

Abstract: The aim in this contribution is to amplify the call, articulated across a range of disciplines relevant to international politics, for a paradigm shift that decentres the study and practice of Euro...

Abstract: Global history has come under attack. It is charged with neglecting national history and the ‘small spaces’ of the past, with being an elite globalist project made irrelevant by the anti-globalist politics of our age, with focusing exclusively on mobile people and things, and with becoming dangerously hegemonic. This article demonstrates that global history is, intertwined with a focus on the nation and the local, on individuals, outsiders, and subalterns, and on small and isolated places. Moreover, global history has directly addressed immobility and resistances to flow, and remains relatively weak in the discipline, versus the persistent dominance everywhere of national history. The article offers a new short history of the rise of the contemporary idiom of global history, and a prospect for a future in which scholars may find, through collaboration, alternatives to the European weights and measures of the past, and to the dominance of Anglophone historians. It argues that we should no more reverse the ‘global turn’ than we should return history’s gaze only to propertied white men. Rather than a retreat from global history, we need it more than ever to fight against myths of imperial and national pasts, which often underpin nationalist populisms.

Abstract: Introduction Part I. Race, Security, and Cold War Humanitarianism: 1. Bipolar (dis)order Part II. The Global Humanitarian Regime at Arms: 2. Through a glass darkly 3. Mission impossible 4. Back to the future in Indochina 5. 'Solidarity is might!' Part III. Global Health, Development, and Labor Migration: 6. Know your body and build socialism 7. The time machine 'development' 8. Far away, so close 9. Things fall apart Conclusion.