The predictive value of on-ice special tests in relation to various indexes of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in ice hockey players
TL;DR: In this paper, the predictive value of the indexes of aerobic and anaerobic endurance in relation to specific on-ice tests performed by hockey players that focus on strength, power, speed as well as speed and strength endurance was determined.
Abstract: Purpose. The main goal of this study was to determine the predictive value of the indexes of aerobic and anaerobic endurance in relation to specific on-ice tests performed by hockey players that focus on strength, power, speed as well as speed and strength endurance. Methods. Ice hockey players, who were members of the U20 (under 20 years of age) Polish National Ice Hockey Team, were selected from the Athletic School in Sosnowiec, Poland. Parameters that determine anaerobic and aerobic capacity were evaluated and a special physical fitness assessment was made based on a battery of ice-hockey specific tests. The degree and direction of correlations between the individual parameters of anaerobic and aerobic endurance and the special physical fitness test were calculated. Results. The obtained results found significant correlations between maximal power obtained from the Wingate test and certain aspects of the special physical fitness test, specifically the 6 × 9 turns, 6 × 9 stops and 6 × 30 m endurance tests. Significant correlations of the above-mentioned special physical fitness tests were also observed with the aerobic capacity parameter, VO 2max. Conclusions. The obtained results could be considerably useful in training, as well as providing much more information on athletes which can then be suited for more personalized forms of training.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The results indicate that hockey players may utilize short-term HIIT to elicit positive effects in muscle thickness, power and on-ice performance.
Abstract: In spite of the well-known benefits that have been shown, few studies have looked at the practical applications of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on athletic performance. This study investigated the effects of a HIIT program compared to traditional continuous endurance exercise training. 24 hockey players were randomly assigned to either a continuous or high-intensity interval group during a 4-week training program. The interval group (IG) was involved in a periodized HIIT program. The continuous group (CG) performed moderate intensity cycling for 45–60 min at an intensity that was 65% of their calculated heart rate reserve. Body composition, muscle thickness, anaerobic power, and on-ice measures were assessed pre- and post-training. Muscle thickness was significantly greater in IG (p=0.01) when compared to CG. The IG had greater values for both ∆ peak power (p
41 citations
TL;DR: The logistic regression model showed that the best predictors of success in the recruitment process of top level ice hockey players were time topeak power, relative peak power, VO2max and 30 m sprint forwards on ice.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine physiological and physical determinants of ice-hockey performance in order to assess their impact on the result during a selection for ice hockey. A total of 42 ice hockey players took part in the selection camp. At the end of the camp 20 best players were selected by team of expert coaches to the ice hockey team and created group G1, while the second group (G2) consisted of not selected players (non-successful group Evaluation of goodness of fit of the model to the data was based on the Hosmer Lemeshow test. Ice hockey players selected to the team were taller 181.95±4.02 cm, had lower% body fat 13.17±3.17%, a shorter time to peak power 2.47±0.35 s, higher relative peak power 21.34±2.41 W·kg(-1) and higher relative total work 305.18±28.41 J·kg(-1). The results of the aerobic capacity test showed significant differences only in case of two variables. Ice hockey players in the G1 had higher VO2max 4.07±0.31 l·min(-1) values than players in the G2 as well as ice hockey players in G1 showed a higher level of relative VO2max 51.75±2.99 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1) than athletes in G2. Ice hockey players selected to the team (G1) performed better in the 30 m Forwards Sprint 4.28±0.31 s; 6x9 Turns 12.19±0.75 s; 6x9 stops 12.79±0.49 s and Endurance test (6x30 m stops) 32.01±0.80 s than players in G2. The logistic regression model showed that the best predictors of success in the recruitment process of top level ice hockey players were time to peak power, relative peak power, VO2max and 30 m sprint forwards on ice. On the basis of the constructed predictive logistic regression model it will be possible to determine the probability of success of the athletes during following the selection processes to the team.
36 citations
Cites background from "The predictive value of on-ice spec..."
...Being a successful player in professional ice hockey requires the player to perform high-intensity skating and at times rapidly change speed and direction, what requires a high level of anaerobic capacity [23,28]....
[...]
09 Apr 2018
TL;DR: To achieve the highest peak power, coaches and researchers could provide visual feedback during Wingate testing, as it may positively influence performance in the early stages of testing, but does not result in residual fatigue or negatively affect performance during subsequent stages.
Abstract: Background: Visual feedback may help elicit peak performance during different types of strength and power testing, but its effect during the anaerobic Wingate test is unexplored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of visual feedback on power output during a hockey-specific intermittent Wingate test (AnWT6x6) consisting of 6 stages of 6 s intervals with a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio. Methods: Thirty elite college-aged hockey players performed the AnWT6x6 with either constant (n = 15) visual feedback during all 6 stages (CVF) or restricted (n = 15) visual feedback (RVF) where feedback was shown only during the 2nd through 5th stages. Results: In the first stage, there were moderate-to-large effect sizes for absolute peak power (PP) output and PP relative to body mass and PP relative to fat-free mass. However, the remaining stages (2–6) displayed small or negligible effects. Conclusions: These data indicate that visual feedback may play a role in optimizing power output in a non-fatigued state (1st stage), but likely does not play a role in the presence of extreme neuromuscular fatigue (6th stage) during Wingate testing. To achieve the highest peak power, coaches and researchers could provide visual feedback during Wingate testing, as it may positively influence performance in the early stages of testing, but does not result in residual fatigue or negatively affect performance during subsequent stages.
16 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the tested positioning systems may in fact offer a workable alternative to timing gates for measuring sprints times in ice hockey over long distances like shuttle runs.
Abstract: This study explores whether positioning systems are a viable alternative to timing gates when it comes to measuring sprint times in ice hockey. We compared the results of a single-beam timing gate (Brower Timing) with the results of the Iceberg optical positioning system (Optical) and two radio-based positioning systems provided by InMotio (Radio 1) and Kinexon (Radio 2). The testing protocol consisted of two 40 m linear sprints, where we measured sprint times for a 11 m subsection (Linear Sprint 11), and a shuttle run (Shuttle Total), including five 14 m sprints. The exercises were performed by six top-level U19 field players in regular ice hockey equipment on ice. We quantified the difference between measured sprint times e.g., by Mean Absolute Error (MAE) (s) and Intra Class Correlation (ICC). The usefulness of positioning systems was evaluated by using a Coefficient of Usefulness (CU), which was defined as the quotient of the Smallest Worthwhile Change (SWC) divided by the Typical Error (both in s). Results showed that radio-based systems had a higher accuracy compared to the optical system. This concerned Linear Sprint 11 (MAEOptical = 0.16, MAERadio1 = 0.01, MAERadio2 = 0.01, ICCOptical = 0.38, ICCRadio1 = 0.98, ICCRadio2 = 0.99) as well as Shuttle Total (MAEOptical = 0.07, MAERadio1 = 0.02, MAERadio2 = 0.02, ICCOptical = 0.99; ICCRadio1 = 1.0, ICCRadio2 = 1.0). In Shuttle Total, all systems were able to measure a SWC of 0.10 s with a probability of >99% in a single trial (CUOptical = 4.6, CURadio1 = 6.5, CURadio2 = 5.1). In Linear Sprint 11 an SWC of 0.01 s might have been masked or erroneously detected where there were none due to measurement noise (CUOptical = 0.6, CURadio1 = 1.0, CURadio2 = 1.0). Similar results were found for the turning subsection of the shuttle run (CUOptical = 0.6, CURadio1 = 0.5, CURadio2 = 0.5). All systems were able to detect an SWC higher than 0.04 s with a probability of at least 75%. We conclude that the tested positioning systems may in fact offer a workable alternative to timing gates for measuring sprints times in ice hockey over long distances like shuttle runs. Limitations occur when testing changes/differences in performance over very short distances like an 11 m sprint, or when intermediate times are taken immediately after considerable changes of direction or speed.
14 citations
Additional excerpts
...Some studies claim high external validity for office tests (Roczniok et al., 2012; Janot et al., 2015; Henriksson et al., 2016), while other publications doubt the predictive power of such tests for performance on ice (Vescovi et al....
[...]
TL;DR: Overall, athletes were unable to maintain power during subsequent repeated sprint work during postseason, indicating meaningful performance and perceptual differences throughout the competitive season in collegiate-level hockey players.
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate changes in pre- to postseason power output, fatigue, and recovery during a repeated sprint test. Twenty National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men's hockey athletes performed identical sessions of repeated sprint work pre- and postseason. The repeated sprint test consisted of 5 sets of 45 seconds of repeated sprint work with 90 seconds of rest in between each series of sprints. Power output (W), decrement, and recovery scores (RECs) were determined using raw data from a nonmotorized treadmill. Ratings of perceived exertion were recorded after, and perceived readiness (PR) recorded before, each series of sprints. Mean power was significantly higher in preseason vs. postseason performance during sprint 1 (760.6 vs. 691.3 W; p = 0.03), sprint 2 (719.9 vs 657.0 W; p = 0.05), sprint 4 (648.4 vs 588.9 W; p = 0.04), and sprint 5 (656.6 vs. 586.8 W, p = 0.04). Ratings of perceived exertion were significantly higher during sprints 3, 4, and 5 postseason with PR significantly higher (indicating less readiness) before sprints 3 and 4. There were no significant differences in REC or decrement score. Overall, athletes were unable to maintain power during subsequent repeated sprint work during postseason. The degree to which the athletes fatigued and recovered between sprints did not change between pre- and postseason testing, however, athletes exhibit increased perceptual strain during the repeated sprint work. These data indicate meaningful performance and perceptual differences throughout the competitive season in collegiate-level hockey players.
11 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: Enhanced aerobic endurance in soccer players improved soccer performance by increasing the distance covered, enhancing work intensity, and increasing the number of sprints and involvements with the ball during a match.
Abstract: HELGERUD, J., L. C. ENGEN, U. WISLOFF, and J. HOFF. Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 11, 2001, pp. 1925–1931. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to study the effects of aerobic training on performance during soccer match and soccer specific tests. Methods: Nineteen male elite junior soccer players, age 18.1 0.8 yr, randomly assigned to the training group (N 9) and the control group (N 10) participated in the study. The specific aerobic training consisted of interval training, four times 4 min at 90 –95% of maximal heart rate, with a 3-min jog in between, twice per week for 8 wk. Players were monitored by video during two matches, one before and one after training. Results: In the training group: a) maximal oxygen uptake (V u O2max) increased from 58.1 4.5 mL·kg 1 ·min 1 to 64.3 3.9 mL·kg 1 ·min 1 (P 0.01); b) lactate threshold improved from 47.8 5.3 mL·kg 1 ·min 1 to 55.4 4.1 mL·kg 1 ·min 1 (P 0.01); c) running economy was also improved by 6.7% (P 0.05); d) distance covered during a match increased by 20% in the training group (P 0.01); e) number of sprints increased by 100% (P 0.01); f) number of involvements with the ball increased by 24% (P 0.05); g) the average work intensity during a soccer match, measured as percent of maximal heart rate, was enhanced from 82.7 3.4% to 85.6 3.1% (P 0.05); and h) no changes were found in maximal vertical jumping height, strength, speed, kicking velocity, kicking precision, or quality of passes after the training period. The control group showed no changes in any of the tested parameters. Conclusion: Enhanced aerobic endurance in soccer players improved soccer performance by increasing the distance covered, enhancing work intensity, and increasing the number of sprints and involvements with the ball during a match. Key Words: V u O2max, LACTATE THRESHOLD, RUNNING ECONOMY, SKILL
981 citations
"The predictive value of on-ice spec..." refers background in this paper
...Although intermittent, the game of ice hockey does require approximately 15–20 min of both aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure per game at a competitive level [14] and repeated back-to-back sprints make speed and tole rance changes in acid-base balance an important cha racte ristic of elite players [15]....
[...]
TL;DR: Given the strong prognostic links between vascular structure, function and cardiovascular events, the implications of these findings are obvious, yet many unanswered questions remain, including the mechanisms responsible for NO bioactivity, the nature of the cellular effect and relevance of other autacoids, but also such practical questions as the optimal intensity, modality and volume of exercise training required in different populations.
Abstract: Vascular endothelial function is essential for maintenance of health of the vessel wall and for vasomotor control in both conduit and resistance vessels. These functions are due to the production of numerous autacoids, of which nitric oxide (NO) has been the most widely studied. Exercise training has been shown, in many animal and human studies, to augment endothelial, NO-dependent vasodilatation in both large and small vessels. The extent of the improvement in humans depends upon the muscle mass subjected to training; with forearm exercise, changes are restricted to the forearm vessels while lower body training can induce generalized benefit. Increased NO bioactivity with exercise training has been readily and consistently demonstrated in subjects with cardiovascular disease and risk factors, in whom antecedent endothelial dysfunction exists. These conditions may all be associated with increased oxygen free radicals which impact on NO synthase activity and with which NO reacts; repeated exercise and shear stress stimulation of NO bioactivity redresses this radical imbalance, hence leading to greater potential for autacoid bioavailability. Recent human studies also indicate that exercise training may improve endothelial function by up-regulating eNOS protein expression and phosphorylation. While improvement in NO vasodilator function has been less frequently found in healthy subjects, a higher level of training may lead to improvement. Regarding time course, studies indicate that short-term training increases NO bioactivity, which acts to homeostatically regulate the shear stress associated with exercise. Whilst the increase in NO bioactivity dissipates within weeks of training cessation, studies also indicate that if exercise is maintained, the short-term functional adaptation is succeeded by NO-dependent structural changes, leading to arterial remodelling and structural normalization of shear. Given the strong prognostic links between vascular structure, function and cardiovascular events, the implications of these findings are obvious, yet many unanswered questions remain, not only concerning the mechanisms responsible for NO bioactivity, the nature of the cellular effect and relevance of other autacoids, but also such practical questions as the optimal intensity, modality and volume of exercise training required in different populations.
945 citations
"The predictive value of on-ice spec..." refers background in this paper
...Given the anaerobic nature of these sprint-based phases (69% anaerobic glycolysis) and the aerobic recovery (31% aerobic metabolism) between shifts and periods, as well as the physicality of the game, success at the elite level requires players to develop a well-rounded fitness level that includes anaerobic sprint ability, a strong aerobic endurance base, and high levels of muscular strength, power and endurance [2, 23, 24, 26]....
[...]
TL;DR: Evidence points to a lack of available PCr and an accumulation of intracellular Pi as the most likely causes of fatigue during multiple sprint work, which provides a rich area for future applied sports science research.
Abstract: The activity patterns of many sports (e.g. badminton, basketball, soccer and squash) are intermittent in nature, consisting of repeated bouts of brief (≤6-second) maximal/near-maximal work interspersed with relatively short (≤60-second) moderate/low-intensity recovery periods. Although this is a general description of the complex activity patterns experienced in such events, it currently provides the best means of directly assessing the physiological response to this type of exercise. During a single short (5- to 6-second) sprint, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is resynthesised predominantly from anaerobic sources (phosphocreatine [PCr] degradation and glycolysis), with a small (<10%) contribution from aerobic metabolism. During recovery, oxygen uptake (V-dotO2) remains elevated to restore homeostasis via processes such as the replenishment of tissue oxygen stores, the resynthesis of PCr, the metabolism of lactate, and the removal of accumulated intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi). If recovery periods are relatively short, V-dotO2 remains elevated prior to subsequent sprints and the aerobic contribution to ATP resynthesis increases. However, if the duration of the recovery periods is insufficient to restore the metabolic environment to resting conditions, performance during successive work bouts may be compromised. Although the precise mechanisms of fatigue during multiple sprint work are difficult to elucidate, evidence points to a lack of available PCr and an accumulation of intracellular Pi as the most likely causes. Moreover, the fact that both PCr resynthesis and the removal of accumulated intracellular Pi are oxygen-dependent processes has led several authors to propose a link between aerobic fitness and fatigue during multiple sprint work. However, whilst the theoretical basis for such a relationship is compelling, corroborative research is far from substantive. Despite years of investigation, limitations in analytical techniques combined with methodological differences between studies have left many issues regarding the physiological response to multiple sprint work unresolved. As such, multiple sprint work provides a rich area for future applied sports science research.
512 citations
"The predictive value of on-ice spec..." refers background or result in this paper
...In fact, aerobic capacity is responsible for the recovery from such highintensity intermittent exercise and, therefore, acts as a buffer against fatigue and minimizes the attenuation of power output during subsequent shifts [20]....
[...]
...The results presented here are also confirmed by those reported by other authors [20], which state that aerobic and anaerobic capacity are important physiological characteristics for ice hockey players [2, 21]....
[...]
TL;DR: It is suggested that running economy be investigated as an entity, so that changes that may take place with time or training can be more accurately related to their cause.
Abstract: The relationship between VO2 and velocity of running (running economy) has been rather casually dealt with until very recently, and there still remains considerable disagreement as to the importance of this variable. Various factors which have been shown, or appear, to affect running economy include environment (temperature, altitude, running surface), fatigue, age, weight, state of fitness, and inherent differences. That differences between individuals and within individuals can and do exist seems clear; the questions which need to be addressed in future research are: (1) What type of training is most effective in bringing about changes in running economy? and (2) How much change in economy can be expected with optimum training? Furthermore, it is suggested that running economy be investigated as an entity, so that changes that may take place with time or training can be more accurately related to their cause.
344 citations
TL;DR: A survey of the practices of National Hockey League strength and conditioning (NHL S&C) coaches reveals that coaches assess an average of 7.2 parameters of fitness, with tests of strength and power being the most common.
Abstract: This study describes the results of a survey of the practices of National Hockey League strength and conditioning (NHL S&C) coaches. The response rate was 76.6% (23 of 30). This survey examines (a) background information, (b) physical testing, (c) flexibility development, (d) speed development, (e) plyometrics, (f) strength/power development, (g) unique aspects, and (h) comments. Results indicate, in part, that coaches assess an average of 7.2 parameters of fitness, with tests of strength and power being the most common. All coaches used a variety of flexibility-development strategies. Results reveal that 21 of 23 (91.3%) of NHL S&C coaches follow a periodization model (PM). Of the coaches who follow a PM, 21 of 21 (100%) indicated that their athletes used Olympic-style lifts, and 21 of 21 coaches (100%) trained athletes with plyometric exercises. For those who used plyometrics with their athletes, 17 of 21 (80.1%) reported no plyometric-related injuries in the past year. Coaches who report they did not follow a PM also did not use Olympic-style lifts, plyometrics, or speed development strategies, such as assisted, resisted, or interval training, with their athletes. Finally, coaches reported that the squat and their variations, as well at the Olympic-style lifts and its variations, were most frequently used with their athletes. The survey serves as a review, as well as a source of applied information and new ideas.
209 citations