The prefrontal cortex of the rat. I. cortical projection of the mediodorsal nucleus. II. efferent connections
TL;DR: The rat's MD-projection cortex differs from that in the monkey in that it lacks a granular layer and appears to have no prominent direct associations with temporal and juxtahippocampal areas, suggesting that the striatum or thalamus receives a proportionally larger share of the MD projection in this animal than it does in themonkey.
About: This article is published in Brain Research.The article was published on 1969-02-01. It has received 830 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Cortex (anatomy) & Medial cortex.
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TL;DR: It is proposed that these drugs reduce anxiety by impairing the functioning of a widespread neural system including the septo-hippocampal system (SHS), the Papez circuit, the prefrontal cortex, and ascending monoaminergic and cholinergic pathways which innervate these forebrain structures.
Abstract: A model of the neuropsychology of anxiety is proposed. The model is based in the first instance upon an analysis of the behavioural effects of the antianxiety drugs (benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol) in animals. From such psychopharmacologi-cal experiments the concept of a “behavioural inhibition system” (BIS) has been developed. This system responds to novel stimuli or to those associated with punishment or nonreward by inhibiting ongoing behaviour and increasing arousal and attention to the environment. It is activity in the BIS that constitutes anxiety and that is reduced by antianxiety drugs. The effects of the antianxiety drugs in the brain also suggest hypotheses concerning the neural substrate of anxiety. Although the benzodiazepines and barbiturates facilitate the effects of γ-aminobutyrate, this is insufficient to explain their highly specific behavioural effects. Because of similarities between the behavioural effects of certain lesions and those of the antianxiety drugs, it is proposed that these drugs reduce anxiety by impairing the functioning of a widespread neural system including the septo-hippocampal system (SHS), the Papez circuit, the prefrontal cortex, and ascending monoaminergic and cholinergic pathways which innervate these forebrain structures. Analysis of the functions of this system (based on anatomical, physiological, and behavioural data) suggests that it acts as a comparator: it compares predicted to actual sensory events and activates the outputs of the BIS when there is a mismatch or when the predicted event is aversive. Suggestions are made as to the functions of particular pathways within this overall brain system. The resulting theory is applied to the symptoms and treatment of anxiety in man, its relations to depression, and the personality of individuals who are susceptible to anxiety or depression.
4,725 citations
TL;DR: The sections in this article are: Essence of Prefrontal Function: Regulation of Behavior by Representational Knowledge, Multiple Subsystems of Pre Frontal Cortex: Unity or Diversity of Function, and Functional Speculations.
Abstract: The sections in this article are:
1
Essence of Prefrontal Function: Regulation of Behavior by Representational Knowledge
11
Subdivisions of Prefrontal Cortex
12
Global Nature of Prefrontal Syndrome in Humans
13
Animal Model for Prefrontal Function in Humans
14
Delayed-Response Tests and Varying Interpretations of Their Functional Significance
15
Distractability and Perseveration: Secondary Consequences of Basic Defect in Representational Memory
16
Representational Memory in Wisconsin Card Sort and Other Diagnostic Tests of Prefrontal Function in Humans
17
Localization of Delayed-Response Function: Principal Sulcus
18
Circuit Basis of Visuospatial Functions
2
Accessing and “On-Line” Processing of Representations in Visuospatial Domain: Parietal-Prefrontal Connections
21
Visuospatial Representational Memory in Humans
22
Spatial-Mnemonic Nature of Delayed-Response Deficit: Domain-Specific Memory Loss
23
Topography of Representational Memory in Prefrontal Cortex
24
Electrophysiological Evidence of Spatial-Mnemonic Processes in Principal Sulcus
25
Parietal-Prefrontal Connectivity
26
Columnar and Laminar Framework for Feedforward and Feedback Mechanisms
27
Functional Significance of Parietal-Prefrontal Collaboration
3
Long-Term Memory and “Off-Line” Processing: Prefrontal-Limbic Connections
31
Role of Hippocampus in Spatial Memory
32
Multiple Connections Between Principal Sulcus and Hippocampal Formation
33
Quadripartite Neural Network: Parietal-Temporal-Cingulate-Prefrontal Circuit
34
Limbic Contribution to Spatial Memory
4
Response Initiation and Inhibition: Projections to Striatum, Tectum, Thalamus, and Premotor Cortex
41
Motor-Control Functions of Prefrontal Cortex
42
Cortical-Striatal Pathway and Related Feedback Loops
43
Cortical-Tectal Pathway
44
Thalamic-Cortical Systems
45
Prefrontal-Premotor Connections: Anterior Supplementary Motor Cortex Relays
46
Functional Speculations
5
Modulatory Mechanisms: Brain Stem Catecholamine Projections
51
Activation of Cognitive Machinery
52
Concentration and Synthesis of Catecholamines in Primate Cortex
53
Brain Stem Innervation of Prefrontal Cortex
54
Delayed-Response Deficits and Recovery Produced by Catecholamine Loss and Replacement in Prefrontal Cortex
55
Circuit Basis for Neuromodulation in Principal Sulcus
6
Multiple Subsystems of Prefrontal Cortex: Unity or Diversity of Function
61
Unity or Diversity of Prefrontal Function
62
Frontal Eye Fields
63
Inferior Convexity
64
Orbital Prefrontal Cortices
65
Problem of Integration
7
Diseases Affecting Prefrontal Cortex
71
Schizophrenia: Loss of Corticocortical Processing and Regulation of Behavior by Representational Knowledge
72
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Loss of Thalamocortical and Brain Stem Modulatory Mechanisms
73
Huntington's Chorea and Parkinson's Disease: Loss of Prefrontal-Striatal Mechanisms and Initiation or Inhibition of Motor Response
74
Overview of Neurobiology of Disease
8
Summary
1,923 citations
TL;DR: In the ventral part of the midbrain, essentially separate groups of aminergic and non-aminergic neurons in both the reticular formation (VTA) and in the adjacent nuclei of the raphe project bilaterally to a variety of similar terminal fields in the telencephalon, diencephal on, and brainstem.
1,693 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the topographical organization of efferent projections from the cytoarchitectonic divisions of the mPFC (the medial precentral, dorsal anterior cingulate and prelimbic cortices) to determine whether the efferents from different regions within the prelimbics were organized topographically.
Abstract: The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the topographical organization of efferent projections from the cytoarchitectonic divisions of the mPFC (the medial precentral, dorsal anterior cingulate and prelimbic cortices). We also sought to determine whether the efferents from different regions within the prelimbic division were organized topographically. Anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was used to examine the efferent projections from restricted injection sites within the mPFC. Major targets of the prelimbic area were found to include prefrontal, cingulate, and perirhinal cortical structures, the dorsomedial and ventral striatum, basal forebrain nuclei, basolateral amygdala, lateral hypothalamus, mediodorsal, midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, periaqueductal gray region, ventral midbrain tegmentum, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and raphe nuclei. Previously unreported projections of the prelimbic region were also observed, including efferents to the anterior olfactory nucleus, the piriform cortex, and the pedunculopontine tegmental-cuneiform region. A topographical organization governed the efferent projections from the prelimbic area, such that the position of terminal fields within target structures was determined by the rostrocaudal, dorsoventral, and mediolateral placement of the injection sites. Efferent projections from the medial precentral and dorsal anterior cingulate divisions (dorsomedial PFC) were organized in a similar topographical fashion and produced a pattern of anterograde labeling different from that seen with prelimbic injection sites. Target structures innervated primarily by the dorsomedial PFC included certain neocortical fields (the motor, somatosensory, and visual cortices), the dorsolateral striatum, superior colliculus, deep mesencephalic nucleus, and the pontine and medullary reticular formation. Previously unreported projections to the paraoculomotor central gray area and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus were observed following dorsomedial PFC injections. These results indicate that the efferent projections of the mPFC are topographically organized within and across the cytoarchitectonic divisions of the medial wall cortex. The significance of topographically organized and restricted projections of the rat mPFC is discussed in light of behavioral and physiological studies indicating functional heterogeneity of this region.
1,621 citations
TL;DR: The pattern of IL projections is consistent with a role for IL in the control of visceral/autonomic activity homologous to the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex of primates, whereas those of PL are consistent withA role for PL in limbic‐cognitive functions homologously to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in primates.
Abstract: The medial prefrontal cortex has been associated with diverse functions including attentional processes, visceromotor activity, decision-making, goal-directed behavior, and working memory. The present report compares and contrasts projections from the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortices in the rat by using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. With the exception of common projections to parts of the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex, olfactory forebrain, and midline thalamus, PL and IL distribute very differently throughout the brain. Main projection sites of IL are: 1) the lateral septum, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial and lateral preoptic nuclei, substantia innominata, and endopiriform nuclei of the basal forebrain; 2) the medial, basomedial, central, and cortical nuclei of amygdala; 3) the dorsomedial, lateral, perifornical, posterior, and supramammillary nuclei of hypothalamus; and 4) the parabrachial and solitary nuclei of the brainstem. By contrast, PL projects at best sparingly to each of these structures. Main projection sites of PL are: the agranular insular cortex, claustrum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, the paraventricular, mediodorsal, and reuniens nuclei of thalamus, the capsular part of the central nucleus and the basolateral nucleus of amygdala, and the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of the brainstem. As discussed herein, the pattern of IL projections is consistent with a role for IL in the control of visceral/autonomic activity homologous to the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex of primates, whereas those of PL are consistent with a role for PL in limbic-cognitive functions homologous to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of primates.
1,451 citations
Cites background from "The prefrontal cortex of the rat. I..."
...…Leichnetz and GonzaloRuiz, 1987; Leichnetz et al., 1987; Reep et al., 1987; Stuesse and Newman, 1990), led to the proposal that AGm/AC of rats was equivalent to the frontal eye fields (FEF) of primates (Leonard, 1969; Leichnetz and Gonzalo-Ruiz, 1987; Reep et al., 1984, 1987; Guandalini, 1998)....
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01 Jan 1906TL;DR: In this article, the Integrative Action of the Nervous System [1906] Charles S. Sherrington, W.B. Hadden, and W.A. Baly have been discussed.
Abstract: Volume 1. Introduction Nick Wade Containing the Nervous System [1803] Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain [1811], both by Charles Bell Volume 2. Dr F.J. Gall's System of the Functions of the Brain, extracted from C.A. Blode's account of Dr Gall's lectures, held on the above [sic] subject at Dresden [1807] Carl August Blode Phrenology Examined [1846] Pierre Flourens Volumes 3. and 4. Elements of Physiology [1840, 1843] Johannes Mueller, translated by W. Baly Volume 5. Mind and Body. The Theories of their Relation [1873] Alexander Bain Volume 6. Lectures on the Localization of Cerebral and Spinal Diseases [1883] Jean Martin Charcot, translated by W.B. Hadden Volume 7. The Functions of the Brain [2nd ed. 1886] David Ferrier Volume 8. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System [1906] Charles S. Sherrington
3,771 citations
TL;DR: The original, non-suppressive Natua method for impregenation of terminal degeneration has been modified by the introduction of a potassium permanganate-uranyl nitrate sequence, resulting in a selective impregnation of degenarated axons inclusive of their synaptic thickenings.
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TL;DR: Little information has accumulated to indicate by what mechanism the emotions can so act on autonomic centers as to lead to diseases as diverse as essential hypertension, peptic ulcer, asthma, etc.
Abstract: IN most of those diseases where emotional states are thought to be etiologically related to focal or systemic lesions, it is generally assumed that the pathologic process is mediated by the autonomic nervous system and the humoral mechanisms under its control. There is considerable experimental and clinical evidence to support such an assumption. But little information has accumulated to indicate by what mechanism the emotions can so act on autonomic centers as to lead to diseases as diverse as essential hypertension, peptic ulcer, asthma, etc.
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