The production and application of metal matrix composite materials
TL;DR: The most widely applied methods for the production of composite materials and composite parts are based on casting techniques such as the squeeze casting of porous ceramic preforms with liquid metal alloys and powder metallurgy methods.
About: This article is published in Journal of Materials Processing Technology.The article was published on 2000-10-31. It has received 836 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Metal matrix composite & Advanced composite materials.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the recent development in mechanical and tribological behavior of self-lubricating metallic nanocomposites reinforced by carbonous nanomaterials such as CNT and graphene.
Abstract: Rapid innovation in nanotechnology in recent years enabled development of advanced metal matrix nanocomposites for structural engineering and functional devices. Carbonous materials, such as graphite, carbon nanotubes (CNT's), and graphene possess unique electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Owe to their lubricious nature, these carbonous materials have attracted researchers to synthesize lightweight self-lubricating metal matrix nanocomposites with superior mechanical and tribological properties for several applications in automotive and aerospace industries. This review focuses on the recent development in mechanical and tribological behavior of self-lubricating metallic nanocomposites reinforced by carbonous nanomaterials such as CNT and graphene. The review includes development of self-lubricating nanocomposites, related issues in their processing, their characterization, and investigation of their tribological behavior. The results reveal that adding CNT and graphene to metals decreases both coefficient of friction and wear rate as well as increases the tensile strength. The mechanisms involved for the improved mechanical and tribological behavior is discussed.
673 citations
Cites background from "The production and application of m..."
...Based on Equation (4), the shear stress that is required to move dislocations between the graphene particles will increase when the distance between the reinforcement particles decreases which results in an increased yield stress of materials [3,111]....
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TL;DR: A review of different combinations of reinforcing materials used in the processing of hybrid aluminium matrix composites and how it affects the mechanical, corrosion and wear performance of the materials is presented in this paper.
Abstract: Aluminium hybrid composites are a new generation of metal matrix composites that have the potentials of satisfying the recent demands of advanced engineering applications. These demands are met due to improved mechanical properties, amenability to conventional processing technique and possibility of reducing production cost of aluminium hybrid composites. The performance of these materials is mostly dependent on selecting the right combination of reinforcing materials since some of the processing parameters are associated with the reinforcing particulates. A few combinations of reinforcing particulates have been conceptualized in the design of aluminium hybrid composites. This paper attempts to review the different combination of reinforcing materials used in the processing of hybrid aluminium matrix composites and how it affects the mechanical, corrosion and wear performance of the materials. The major techniques for fabricating these materials are briefly discussed and research areas for further improvement on aluminium hybrid composites are suggested.
558 citations
Cites background from "The production and application of m..."
...Stir casting technique has remained the most investigated technique for fabricating AMCs owing to its simplicity, flexibility and commercial viability [63,64]....
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...[63] Kaczmar JW, Pietrzak K, Włosiński W....
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TL;DR: The hardness and tensile properties of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with nanometric Al2O3 particulate have been found to increase with the volume fraction of the reinforcement.
460 citations
TL;DR: A review of the research and development works conducted over the past few decades on carbon fiber reinforced metal matrix composites (CFR-MMC) can be found in this paper.
Abstract: This paper reviews the research and development works conducted over the past few decades on carbon fiber reinforced metal matrix composites (CFR-MMC). The structure and composition of carbon fiber and its bonding to metal matrix have an impact on the properties of the resulting CFR-MMC remarkably. The research efforts on process optimization and utilizing of carbon fibers are discussed in this review. The effect of carbon fiber on structural, physical and mechanical properties of metal matrix composite are studied as well. This review also provide an overview of the research to date on various fabrication methods that is used for production of CFR-MMC.
378 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a bottom tapping stir casting furnace with electromagnetic and ultrasonic stirrer along with squeeze attachment is recommended for the production of metal matrix composites, based on the critical assessment of the literature, especially the mechanical properties of the produced MMCs.
332 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the elastic modulus of aluminum matrix composites was found to be isotropic to be independent of type of reinforcement, and to be controlled solely by the volume percentage of SiC reinforcement present.
Abstract: Mechanical properties and stress-strain behavior were evaluated for several types of commercially fabricated aluminum matrix composites, containing up to 40 vol pct discontinuous SiC whisker, nodule, or particulate reinforcement. The elastic modulus of the composites was found to be isotropic to be independent of type of reinforcement, and to be controlled solely by the volume percentage of SiC reinforcement present. The yield/tensile strengths and ductility were controlled primarily by the matrix alloy and temper condition. Type and orientation of reinforcement had some effect on the strengths of composites, but only for those in which the whisker reinforcement was highly oriented. Ductility decreased with increasing reinforcement content; however, the fracture strains observed were higher than those reported in the literature for this type of composite. This increase in fracture strain was probably attributable to cleaner matrix powder, better mixing, and increased mechanical working during fabrication. Comparison of properties with conventional aluminum and titanium structural alloys showed that the properties of these low-cost, lightweight composites demonstrated very good potential for application to aerospace structures.
579 citations
01 Aug 1974
TL;DR: The mechanical alloying process as mentioned in this paper is an entirely solid state process, permitting dispersion of insoluble phases such as refractory oxides and addition of reactive alloying elements such as aluminum and titanium.
Abstract: The mechanical alloying process is a new method for producing composite metal powders with controlled microstructures. It is unique in that it is an entirely solid state process, permitting dispersion of insoluble phases such as refractory oxides and addition of reactive alloying elements such as aluminum and titanium. Interdispersion of the ingredients occurs by repeated cold welding and fracture of free powder particles. Refinement of structure is approximately a logarithmic function of time, and depends on the mechanical energy input to the process and work hardening of the materials being processed. A condition of steady state processing is eventually achieved marked by saturation (constant) hardness and constant particle size distribution, although structural refinement continues. Evidence of this is presented, and the nature of the cold welding and characteristics of the processed powder are described.
570 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of ageing condition on the tensile properties of the composites follow those produced in unreinforced material, and three matrix ageing conditions were studied, peak aged and equivalent underaged and overaged matrix conditions, based on microhardness measurements.
Abstract: Room temperature tensile tests have been carried out on MMCs, all based on the Al alloy 7075 and on monolithic material. The particulate reinforcements used were SiC in three nominal sizes, 5, 13 and 60 μm. Three matrix ageing conditions were studied, peak aged and equivalent underaged and overaged matrix conditions, based on microhardness measurements. The effects of ageing condition on the tensile properties of the composites follow those produced in unreinforced material. Composites containing 5 and 13 μm particles both had greater 0.2% proof stress and tensile strength values than unreinforced material. However, the composite reinforced with 60 μm particles had reduced 0.2% proof stress and tensile strength in the underaged and peak aged condition, and a greater 0.2% proof stress in the overaged condition compared to the monolithic alloy. All the composites had lower ductility than the unreinforced material. with the material containing 5 μm SiC being the most ductile and that reinforced with 60 μm SiC having very low ductility. Failure appears to occur by the accumulation of internal damage to particles either by particle fracture or interfacial failure. Such damage introduces voids which grow and lead to reduced ductility in these composites. Large 60 μm particles fracture easily at low applied stresses, leading to reduced 0.2% proof stress and premature failure compared to the other composites. The small 5 and 13 μm particles damage less easily and so these composites are stronger than the monolithic material and are more ductile than the composite reinforced with 60 μm particles.
195 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the wear behavior of A356 aluminum alloy (Al-7 Pct Si-0.3 Pct Mg) matrix composites reinforced with 20 vol pct SiC particles and 3 or 10 vol Pct graphite was investigated.
Abstract: The wear behavior of A356 aluminum alloy (Al-7 Pct Si-0.3 Pct Mg) matrix composites reinforced with 20 vol Pct SiC particles and 3 or 10 vol Pct graphite was investigated. These hybrid composites represent the merging of two philosophies in tribological material design: soft-particle lubrication by graphite and hard-particle reinforcement by carbide particles. The wear tests were performed using a block-on-ring (SAE 52100 steel) wear machine under dry sliding conditions within a load range of 1 to 441 N. The microstructural and compositional changes that took place during wear were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXA), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The wear resistance of 3 Pct graphite-20 Pct SiC-A356 hybrid composite was comparable to 20 Pct SiC-A356 without graphite at low and medium loads. At loads below 20N, both hybrid and 20 Pct SiC-A356 composites without graphite demonstrated wear rates up to 10 times lower than the unreinforced A356 alloy due to the load-carrying capacity of SiC particles. The wear resistance of 3 Pct graphite 20 Pct SiC-A356 was 1 to 2 times higher than 10 Pct graphite-containing hybrid composites at high loads. However, graphite addition reduced the counterface wear. The unreinforced A356 and 20 Pct SiC-A356 showed a transition from mild to severe wear at 95 N and 225 N, respectively. Hybrid composites with 3 Pct and 10 Pct graphite did not show such a transition over the entire load range, indicating that graphite improved the seizure resistance of the composites. Tribolayers, mainly consisting of a compacted mixture of graphite, iron oxides, and aluminum, were generated on the surfaces of the hybrid composites. In the hybrid composites, the elimination of the severe wear (and hence the improvement in seizure resistance) was attributed to the reduction in friction-induced surface heating due to the presence of graphite- and iron-oxide-containing tribolayers.
129 citations
TL;DR: Etude, grâce a des techniques de fractographie and de metallographie, du comportement mecanique and de fracture d'aluminium 2124 renforce par 20% de SiC Tentative de separer les contributions des differents mecanismes impliques and identifier le mecanismse de fracture predominant as mentioned in this paper.
111 citations