Book•
The Psychology of Criminal Conduct
01 Jan 1994-
TL;DR: For instance, the authors investigates the relationship between the beginning and maintenance of criminal activity and diverse risk predictors (singular and social, static and dynamic) in the development of criminal behaviour.
Abstract: Throughout the last decades the so-called Psychology of criminal conduct, which agglutinates scientific knowledge surrounding criminal phenomena, has been taking shape. We can find among the principal fields of interests an explanation for antisocial behaviour where learning theories, analyses of individual characteristics, strain-agression hypotheses, studies on social vinculation and crime, and the analyses of criminal careers are relevant. This last sector, also denominated ‘developmental criminology’, investigates the relationship between the beginning and maintenance of criminal activity and diverse risk predictors (singular and social, static and dynamic). Their results have had great relevance in the creation of crime prevention and treatment programs. Psychological treatments of offenders are aimed at the modification of those risk factors, known as ‘criminogenic needs’, which are considered to be directly related to their criminal activity. In particular, treatment programs attempt to provide criminals (whether juveniles, abusers, sexual aggressors, etc.) with new repertoires of prosocial behaviour, develop their thinking, regulate their choleric emotions, and prevent relapses or recidivisms in crime. Lastly, nowadays the Psychology of criminal conduct places special emphasis on the prediction and management of the risk for violent and antisocial behaviour, a field which will be addressed in a subsequent paper of this same monograph.
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Book•
01 Oct 2000
TL;DR: Maruna as discussed by the authors argues that to truly understand offenders, we must understand the stories that they tell - and that in turn this story-making process has the capacity to transform lives, and provides a fascinating narrative analysis of the lives of repeat offenders who, by all statistical measures, should have continued on the criminal path but instead have created lives of productivity and purpose.
Abstract: Can hardened criminals really reform? "Making Good" provides resounding proof that the answer is yes. This book provides a fascinating narrative analysis of the lives of repeat offenders who, by all statistical measures, should have continued on the criminal path but instead have created lives of productivity and purpose. This examination of the phenomenology of "making good" includes an encyclopedic review of the literature on personal reform as well as a practical guide to the use of narratives in offender counseling and rehabilitation.The author's research shows that criminals who desist from crime have constructed powerful narratives that aided them in making sense of their pasts, finding fulfillment in productive behaviors, and feeling in control of their future. Borrowing from the field of narrative psychology, Maruna argues that to truly understand offenders, we must understand the stories that they tell - and that in turn this story-making process has the capacity to transform lives. "Making Good" challenges some of the cherished assumptions of various therapy models for offenders and supports new paradigms for offender rehabilitation. This groundbreaking book is a must read for criminologists, forensic psychologists, lawyers, rehabilitation counselors, or anyone interested in the generative process of change.
2,695 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that applied risk assessments of sexual offenders should consider separately the offender's risk for sexual and nonsexual recidivism.
Abstract: reoffending than those who completed treatment. The predictors of nonsexual violent recidivism and general (any) recidivism were similar to those predictors found among nonsexual criminals (e.g., prior violent offenses, age, juvenile deliquency). Our results suggest that applied risk assessments of sexual offenders should consider separately the offender's risk for sexual and nonsexual recidivism. Assessing chronicity is crucial for clients whose sexual behaviors have brought them into conflict with the law. Many exceptional criminal justice policies, such as postsentence detention (e.g., Anderson & Masters, 1992), lifetime community supervision, and community notification, target those sexual offenders likely to reoffend. Clinicians need to judge whether the client's behaviors are truly atypical of the individual (as the client would like us to believe) or whether the client merits a virtually permanent label as a sexual offender.
2,253 citations
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of 82 recidivist studies identified deviant sexual preferences and antisocial orientation as the major predictors of sexual recidivism for both adult and adolescent sexual offenders.
Abstract: A meta-analysis of 82 recidivism studies (1,620 findings from 29,450 sexual offenders) identified deviant sexual preferences and antisocial orientation as the major predictors of sexual recidivism for both adult and adolescent sexual offenders. Antisocial orientation was the major predictor of violent recidivism and general (any) recidivism. The review also identified some dynamic risk factors that have the potential of being useful treatment targets (e.g., sexual preoccupations, general self-regulation problems). Many of the variables commonly addressed in sex offender treatment programs (e.g., psychological distress, denial of sex crime, victim empathy, stated motivation for treatment) had little or no relationship with sexual or violent recidivism.
1,648 citations
TL;DR: Federal Abortion Policy and Politics: 1973-1996 Why is Abortion Such a Controversial issue in the United States Barriers to Access to Abortion Services The Impact of Anti-abortion Activities on Women Seeking Abortions
Abstract: Federal Abortion Policy and Politics: 1973-1996 Why is Abortion Such a Controversial issue in the United States Barriers to Access to Abortion Services The Impact of Anti-abortion Activities on Women Seeking Abortions Black Women and the Question of Abortion Latinos and Abortion Abortion and Asian Pacific Islander Americans The Acceptability of Medical Abortion to Women Understanding the Relationship of Violence Against Women to Unwanted Pregnancy and it's Resolution Testing a Model of the Psychological Consequences of Abortion Men and Abortion: The Gender Politics of Pregnancy Resolution Abortion Among Adolescents A Cognitive Approach to Patient-Centered Abortion Care Abortion Issues in Psychotherapy Bringing Lessons Learned to the United States Improving Access to Abortion Services Abortion Practice, Policy, and Research: Recommendations for the 21st Century
1,564 citations
TL;DR: Andrews et al. as discussed by the authors reviewed the progress of risk assessment in criminal justice and assess progress since Andrews, Bonta, and Hoge's (1990; Andrews, Zinger, et al., 1990) statement of the human service principles of risk-needresponsivity and professional discretion.
Abstract: The history of risk assessment in criminal justice has been written on several occasions (Andrews & Bonta, 2003; Clements, 1996; Hollin, 2002). Here we assess progress since Andrews, Bonta, and Hoge’s (1990; Andrews, Zinger, et al., 1990) statement of the human service principles of risk-needresponsivity (RNR) and professional discretion. In those articles, the corrections-based terms of risk and need were transformed into principles addressing the major clinical issues of who receives treatment (higher risk cases), what intermediate targets are set (reduce criminogenic needs), and what treatment strategies are employed (match strategies to the learning styles and motivation of cases: the principles of general and specific responsivity). General responsivity asserts the general power of behavioral, social learning, and cognitive-behavioral strategies. Specific responsivity suggests matching of service with personality, motivation, and ability and with demographics such as age, gender, and ethnicity. Nonadherence is possible for stated reasons under the principle of professional discretion. Expanded sets of principles now include consideration of case strengths, setting of multiple criminogenic needs as targets, community-based, staff relationship and structuring skills, and a management focus on integrity through the selection, training, and clinical supervision of staff and organizational supports (Andrews, 2001). The review is conducted in the context of the advent of the fourth generation of offender assessment. Bonta (1996) earlier described three generations of risk assessment. The first generation (1G) consisted mainly of unstructured professional judgments of the probability of offending behavior. A
1,302 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the nature and effect of domestic violence and domestic violence in the context of criminal behavior, including the role of women in domestic violence, self-defense, and self-defend.
Abstract: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR PERSPECTIVES OF HUMAN NATURE IN THEORIES OF CRIME PERSPECTIVES IN CRIMINOLOGY DEFINING AND MEASURING CRIME JUVENILE DELINQUENCY THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF JUVENILE OFFENDING RECAP: DEFINING CRIME AND DELINQUENCY CHAPTER 2: DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTORS SOCIAL RISK FACTORS PARENTAL AND FAMILY RISK FACTORS PSYCHOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DELIQUENCY DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 3: ORIGINS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: BIOLOGICAL FACTORS GENETICS AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS TEMPERAMENT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS PHYSIQUE AND CRIME EYSENCK'S THEORY OF PERSONALITY AND CRIME SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION CHAPTER 4: ORIGINS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: LEARNING AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS BEHAVIORISM SOCIAL LEARNING FRUSTRATION-INDUCED CRIMINALITY SITUATIONAL INSTIGATORS AND REGULATORS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 5: HUMAN AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE DEFINING AGGRESSION THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON AGGRESSION SOCIAL LEARNING FACTORS IN AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE COGNITIVE MODELS OF AGGRESSION OVERT AND COVERT ACTS OF AGGRESSION ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS EFFECTS OF MEDIA VIOLENCE THE BIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION BRAIN CENTERS AND VIOLENCE CONTROL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 6: CRIMINAL PSYCHOPATHY AN EXAMPLE OF A PSYCHOPATH BEHAVIORAL DESCRIPTIONS THE CRIMINAL PSYCHOPATH PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASURES OF PSYCHOPATHY THE FEMALE PSYCHOPATH RACIAL/ETHNIC DIFFERENCES JUVENILE PSYCHOPATHY BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND PSYCHOPATHY CHILDHOOD OF THE PSYCHOPATH SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 7: CRIME AND MENTAL DISORDERS DEFINING MENTAL ILLNESS THE DSM-IV COMPETENCY AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY INSANITY STANDARDS UNIQUE DEFENSES SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 8: MENTAL DISORDERS AND CRIME: DEFENDANTS AND OFFENDERS MENTAL DISORDERS AND VIOLENCE MENTALLY DISORDERED INMATES DANGEROUSNESS AND THE ASSESSMENT OF RISK THE (NON)MENTALLY DISORDERED SEX OFFENDER SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9: HOMICIDE, ASSAULT, AND FAMILY VIOLENCE DEFINITIONS DEMOGRAPHICS OF HOMICIDE WEAPONS USED IN VIOLENCE OTHER FACTORS DEMOGRAPHICS OF ASSAULT JUVENILE MURDER FAMILY VIOLENCE THE NATURE AND THEORY OF FAMILY VIOLENCE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 10: MULTIPLE MURDER INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY MULTIPLE MURDERERS SERIAL MURDERERS MASS MURDERERS PRODUCT TAMPERING SCHOOL VIOLENCE WORKPLACE VIOLENCE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 11: TERRORISM AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE DEFINITIONS PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN GENERAL VIOLENT CRIME DEINDIVIDUATION AND CROWD VIOLENCE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 12: SEXUAL ASSAULT LEGISLATION ON SEX OFFENDERS RAPE: DEFINITIONS AND STATISTICS IMPACT ON VICTIMS RAPE OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS CLASSIFICATION OF RAPE PATTERNS ETIOLOGY OR CAUSES OF RAPE SEXUAL ASSAULT AND PORNOGRAPHY SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION CHAPTER 13: SEXUAL ASSAULT OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH, AND OTHER SEXUAL OFFENSES INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF PEDOPHILIA SITUATIONAL AND VICTIMIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS CLASSIFICATION OF CHILD OFFENDER PATTERNS JUVENILE SEX OFFENDERS RECIDIVISM OF PEDOPHILES THEORIES ON POTENTIAL CAUSES EXHIBITIONISM VOYEURISM AND FETISHISM SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 14: PROPERTY AND PUBLIC ORDER CRIME BURGLARY LARCENY AND MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT FRAUD AND IDENTITY THEFT SHOPLIFTING WHITE-COLLAR AND OCCUPATIONAL CRIME PROSTITUTION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 15: VIOLENT ECONOMIC CRIME AND CRIMES OF INTIMIDATION ROBBERY CYBERCRIME STALKING HOSTAGE-TAKING OFFENSES ARSON BOMBINGS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 16: SUBSTANCE ABUSE, ALCOHOL AND CRIME JUVENILE DRUG USE THE CONSISTANT SIX RESEARCH FINDINGS ON ILLICIT DRUG ABUSE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF DRUGS THE HALLUCINOGENS: CANNABIS THE STIMULANTS NARCOTIC DRUGS THE CLUB DRUGS: SEDATIVE HYPNOTIC COMPOUNDS ALCOHOL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 17: PREVENTION, INTERVENTION, AND TREATMENT: JUVENILE OFFENDERS TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION STRATEGIES CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS A BRIEF HISTORY OF JUVENILE JUSTICE CLASSIFICATION OF PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION PROGRAMS PRIMARY PREVENTION SELECTIVE PREVENTION TREATMENT APPROACHES SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 18: CORRECTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY CAREERS IN CORRECTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM SOCIETAL RATIONALE FOR PUNISHMENT OF OFFENDERS CLASSIFICATION AND PREDICTION PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IMPRISONMENT TREATMENT STRATEGIES SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS GLOSSARY CASES CITED REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX
262 citations
TL;DR: A criminal career is a sequence of offences during some part of an individual's lifetime, with no necessary suggestion that offenders use their criminal activity as an important means of earning a living.
Abstract: Dictionary definitions of the term 'career' specify two different concepts: a course or progress through life, and a way of making a living. The term is used in the first sense here. A 'criminal career' describes the sequence of offences during some part of an individual's lifetime, with no necessary suggestion that offenders use their criminal activity as an important means of earning a living. A criminal career has a beginning (onset), an end (desistance), and a career length in between (duration). Only a certain proportion of the population (prevalence) has a criminal career and commits offences. During their careers, offenders commit offences at a certain rate (frequency) while they are at risk of offending in the community (e.g. not incarcerated or hospitalized) . On this definition, a criminal career may contain only one offence or many. For offenders who commit several offences, it is possible to investigate how far they specialize in certain types of offences and how far the seriousness of their offending escalates over time. One of the key distinctions in the criminal career approach is between prevalence and frequency. For example, the age—crime curve shows that the aggregate rate of offending increases to a peak in the teenage years and then decreases. Criminal career researchers investigate whether this peak reflects a peak in the prevalence of offenders or in the frequency of offending (or both). Actually, the existing evidence suggests that this peak reflects mainly variations in prevalence, and that individual offenders commit offences at a fairly constant frequency during their criminal careers (Farrington 1986). The major critics of the criminal career approach, Gottfredson and Hirschi (1986), argue that all criminal career features reflect the single underlying construct of 'criminal propensity'. According to this argument, if criminal propensity is high, the frequency of offending will be high, the age of onset will be early, the age of desistance will be late, and the duration of the career will be long. It is not necessary to distinguish • Professor of Psychological Criminology, Cambridge University, and President of the British Society of Criminology. Requests for reprints should be addressed to the author at the Institute of Criminology, 7 West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9DT, England.
235 citations