The quasi-biennial oscillation
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4,586 citations
Cites background from "The quasi-biennial oscillation"
...A 3 month lag is consistent with the mechanism of stratospheric forcing of the troposphere (Baldwin et al., 2001; Jevrejeva et al., 2003)....
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...A 3 month lag is consis- tent with the mechanism of stratospheric forcing of the tropo- sphere (Baldwin et al., 2001; Jevrejeva et al., 2003)....
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2,206 citations
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References
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"The quasi-biennial oscillation" refers background or methods in this paper
...The surface NAM pattern is also known as the Arctic Oscillation [Thompson and Wallace, 1998] and is broadly similar to the QBO signature shown in Figure 31, suggesting that the QBO may act to modulate the NAM....
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...During winter the QBO appears to excite the “northern annular mode” (NAM) (also called the Arctic Oscillation) [Thompson and Wallace, 1998, 2000]....
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3,296 citations
3,278 citations
"The quasi-biennial oscillation" refers background in this paper
...The surface NAM pattern is also known as the Arctic Oscillation [Thompson and Wallace, 1998] and is broadly similar to the QBO signature shown in Figure 31, suggesting that the QBO may act to modulate the NAM....
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...During winter the QBO appears to excite the “northern annular mode” (NAM) (also called the Arctic Oscillation) [Thompson and Wallace, 1998, 2000]....
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...a deep, zonally symmetric or “annular” structure [Thompson and Wallace, 2000]....
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...The leading mode of variability of the northern extratropical troposphere/stratosphere is characterized by 39, 2 / REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS Baldwin et al.: THE QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION ● 219 a deep, zonally symmetric or “annular” structure [Thompson and Wallace, 2000]....
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2,355 citations
"The quasi-biennial oscillation" refers background or methods in this paper
...The solutions included a Rossby mode, and a mode which became known as the (mixed) Rossby-gravity mode....
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...The propagation of various tropical waves is depicted by orange arrows, with the QBO driven by upward propagating gravity, inertia-gravity, Kelvin, and Rossby-gravity waves....
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...Kelvin and Rossby-gravity waves....
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...Long records of rawinsonde data from high-quality stations have been used to derive seasonal and QBOrelated variations of Kelvin and Rossby-gravity wave activity near the equator [Maruyama, 1991; Dunkerton, 1991b, 1993; Shiotani and Horinouchi, 1993; Sato et al., 1994; Wikle et al., 1997]....
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...For example, Takahashi et al. [1997] suggested that the easterly acceleration of the model QBO was due to gravity waves as well as Rossby waves from the NH winter and Rossby-gravity waves, while westerly acceleration was due to Kelvin and gravity waves....
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2,342 citations
"The quasi-biennial oscillation" refers background in this paper
...This, in turn, might affect the strength of the planetary wave driven “extratropical pump” [Holton et al., 1995]....
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...The climatological circulation is characterized by large-scale ascent in the tropics, broad poleward transport in the stratosphere, and compensating sinking through the extratropical tropopause [Holton et al., 1995]....
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