The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS): construction, reliability, and validity.
Citations
341 citations
Cites background or methods from "The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressi..."
...This coding system was used because previous literature had observed that forcing individuals to choose preset boxes could be viewed as a microaggression in itself (Johnston & Nadal, 2010; Nadal, 2011)....
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...More recently, there has been an increase in research focusing specifically on racial microaggressions, with results showing that these subtle forms of discrimination have a detrimental impact on the mental health of people of color (Nadal, 2011; D. W. Sue, 2010)....
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...86, and it is positively correlated with the Daily Life Experiences–Frequency scale (r = .698, N = 253, p < .001; Nadal, 2011)....
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297 citations
286 citations
Cites background from "The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressi..."
...Many of these themes were similar or parallel to microaggressions experienced based on race (e.g., Nadal, 2011; Rivera, Forquer, & Rangel, 2010; Sue, Bucceri, et al., 2007; Sue, Capodilupo, et al., 2007, Sue et al., 2008), gender (Capodilupo et al., 2010), and sexual orientation (Nadal, Issa, et…...
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278 citations
Cites background or result from "The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressi..."
...The effects of microinvalidations observed in the current study are especially significant, given that researchers have suggested that microinvalidations are more detrimental and harmful to people of color than either microassaults or microinsults (Nadal, 2011; Sue, 2010)....
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...In line with the Sue, Bucceri, et al. (2007) and Nadal (2011) findings discussed earlier, we hypothesized that Asian Americans are more likely to encounter microinvalidations that implicate themes of being treated as a perpetual foreigner or as an “alien in one’s own land” than they are other forms…...
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...Despite growing interest, much of the empirical research to date has focused on the assessment of individual differences (e.g., Nadal, 2011; Torres-Harding, Andrade, & Dias, 2012; Yoo, Steger, & Lee, 2010) and situational differences in microaggressions (e.g., Wang, Leu, & Shoda, 2011) and their…...
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...…distributions as a function of content classification revealed that microinvalidations (e.g., the assumption that all Asian Americans are foreign-born) made up the most common class of racial microaggression, a pattern consistent with previous research (Nadal, 2011; Sue, Bucceri, et al., 2007)....
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...Moreover, a recent measurement study by Nadal (2011) provides some evidence that microinvalidations that involve themes of xenophobia or being treated as a “perpetual foreigner” (Liang et al., 2004) are the most common class of microaggression experienced by Asian Americans....
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273 citations
References
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