The Reality of the Mass Media
01 Jan 2002-Journal of Communication Inquiry (Sage PublicationsSage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA)-Vol. 26, Iss: 1, pp 96-97
About: This article is published in Journal of Communication Inquiry.The article was published on 2002-01-01. It has received 292 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Mass media.
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TL;DR: The authors describes how the media understand miscarriages of justice, and how that understanding is distinct from the understanding of the judges who determine the Court of Appeal's decisions and enable it to reach the conclusion that a conviction is unsafe.
Abstract: This article describes how the media understand miscarriages of justice, and how that understanding is distinct from the understanding of miscarriages of justice that determine the Court of Appeal's decisions and enable it to reach the conclusion that a conviction is unsafe. It demonstrates how at particular times the media construct a story of a ‘crisis of public confidence’ in the criminal justice system, how such a story is periodic and recurrent, and how attempts to control or reduce the likelihood of such a story being developed tend to be unsuccessful, or even counterproductive.
4 citations
Cites methods from "The Reality of the Mass Media"
...8 Our analysis relies heavily on Niklas Luhmann’s neo-systems or autopoiesis theory, as recognised by Gies (2008, pp.104–8, 130) (see Luhmann 2000)....
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TL;DR: Social control has been, and continues to be, one of the most debated issues in the entire social sciences panorama as discussed by the authors, and still today one wonders what the objects of control can be, how they can be identified, labeled and, above all, kept on the margins.
Abstract: Social control has been, and continues to be, one of the most debated issues in the entire social sciences panorama. Still today one wonders what the objects of control can be, how they can be identified, labeled and, above all, kept on the margins. The problem is that, in most cases, there is no process and historical view of the reality in question: sociologists think of “social control” as a set of tools or intentional measures designed to correct, reintegrate, contain or restrain the minorities; this way of thinking tends to conceive society in general as if it contained two zones: a central sphere of more or less autonomous, self-governed, “responsible” subjects and a periphery of deviant under surveillance and control, whose access to the central sphere is monitored from different guardians (gate keepers) and whose identities are marked, at least in part, by their label of “deviants”.
4 citations
Cites background from "The Reality of the Mass Media"
...Luhmann (2000) speaks of “epistemological problems” without a factual foundation....
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...In this regard, Luhmann (2000), censorship that “ethical constructivism is false, since deviance is analyzed within two epistemological moments that are mutually contradictory: first a constructivist epistemology is used (social control contrasts deviance), then yes uses positivism (social control…...
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03 Oct 2001
TL;DR: The role of communication in the standardization of space and time in the media discourse is explored and the linkage of mass communication to the three spheres of knowledge-temporal, material and symbolic is discussed.
Abstract: The social construction of space and time in the public sphere is embedded in the processes of mass communication. The mass media's general preoccupation with "news" orients it narrowly in space and time, constructing a compelling need to broaden human perspectives. Media accounts are increasingly built around the narrow ideas of "proximity" and "timeliness" and exploit the prevailing sense of a collapsing cultural center, but must be reconciled with emerging ecological and systems thinking. Beneath the veneer of commonsense and naturalized ideas about space and time are hidden terrains of ambiguity and contradiction. This article draws on insights of social theorist Niklas Luhmann in discussing the linkage of mass communication to the three spheres of knowledge-temporal, material and symbolic-and explores the role of communication in the standardization of space and time in the media discourse.
4 citations
Cites background from "The Reality of the Mass Media"
...Luhmann’s Insights on Communication in Society Useful insights into the opaqueness of social problems and the role of the mass media are found in the Luhmann’s writings (e.g., Luhmann, 1975; 1982; 1989; 1990; 2000)....
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...In his most recent work recently translated into English, Luhmann (2000) extends this exploration of mass communication into questions of what constitutes public accessibility to knowledge and how such knowledge directs and delimits public schemas and actions as perceptual paradox....
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TL;DR: Lowenstein this paper argues that Bellamy's novel rehearses the displacement of an epistemology rooted in the search for ontological certainty by what Anthony Giddens calls an epistemeology of social refl exivity.
Abstract: Edward Bellamy’s infl uential utopian novel Looking Backward (1888) dramatizes the epistemological impact of an increasingly media-saturated urban environment on turn-of-the-century American culture and identity. Bellamy’s fanciful adaptation of the telephone receives particularly careful analysis in this essay. Deprived of its transmitting function, this denatured instrument both disrupts Bellamy’s utopian project and, more subtly, registers the eff ect of mass media technologies on the construction and coherence of subjectivity. Lowenstein ultimately argues that Bellamy’s novel rehearses the displacement of an epistemology rooted in the search for ontological certainty by what Anthony Giddens calls an epistemology of social refl exivity. It is my heart-warm and world-embracing Christmas hope and
4 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The AFTER PhD LIFE project at the Humanist University, Utrecht, Holland as discussed by the authors is an example of the organizing fabric of community through mean(ing)s of self-descriptive practices such as map-making.
Abstract: Ben Walker’s work (issue 4.2) is focusing on peculiar encounters within the process of writing seminar work. My big pictures will be relating to life after the accomplishment of an academic work: my PhD project at the Humanist University, Utrecht, Holland. My AFTER PhD LIFE displays the organising fabric of community --- through mean(ing)s of self-descriptive practices --- map-making, as Karl Weick would attribute similar kinds of radically contextualizing maneuvers. In order to answering the proverbial After Life (1998) quest follow up on what I have been doing: pick one image, the only image you can take to eternity! However, as you will experience in the course of Hirokazu Koreeda's movie: Imagining your coming memory takes careful preparation. But, don't be afraid --- everything is taken care of...
4 citations
References
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Book•
18 Jul 2003
TL;DR: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
Abstract: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Types of Exchange, Speech Functions, and Grammatical Mood Part 3: Discourses and Representations 7. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Styles 10. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
6,407 citations
Book•
15 May 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the issues in mass communication, and propose a framework for connecting media with society through a social theory of media and society, as well as four models of communication: power and inequality, social integration and identity, social change and development, space and time, and accountability.
Abstract: PART ONE: PRELIMINARIES 1. Introduction to the Book Our object of study The structure of the book Themes and issues in mass communication Manner of treatment How to use the book Limitations of coverage and perspective Different kinds of theory Communication science and the study of mass communication Alternative traditions of analysis: structural, behavioural and cultural Conclusion 2. The Rise of Mass Media From the beginning to mass media Print media: the book Print media: the newspaper Other print media Film as a mass medium Broadcasting Recorded music The communications revolution: new media versus old Differences between media Conclusion PART TWO: THEORIES 3. Concepts and Models for Mass Communication Early perspectives on media and society The 'mass' concept The mass communication process The mass audience The mass media as an institution of society Mass culture and popular culture The rise of a dominant paradigm for theory and research An alternative, critical paradigm Four models of communication Conclusion 4. Theory of Media and Society Media, society and culture: connections and conflicts Mass communication as a society-wide process: the mediation of social relations and experience A frame of reference for connecting media with society Theme I: power and inequality Theme II: social integration and identity Theme III: social change and development Theme IV: space and time Media-society theory I: the mass society Media-society theory II: Marxism and political economy Media-society theory III: functionalism Media-society theory IV: social constructionism Media-society theory V: communication technology determinism Media-society theory VI: the information society Conclusion 5. Mass Communication and Culture Communication and culture The beginnings: the Frankfurt School and critical cultural theory The redemption of the popular Gender and the mass media Commercialization Communication technology and culture Mass media and postmodern culture Conclusion 6. New Media - New Theory? New media and mass communication What is new about the new media? The main themes of new media theory Applying medium theory to the new media New patterns of information traffic Computer-mediated community formation Political participation, new media and democracy Technologies of freedom? New equalizer or divider? Conclusion 7. Normative Theory of Media and Society Sources of normative obligation The media and the public interest Main issues for social theory of the media Early approaches to theory: the press as 'fourth estate' The 1947 Commission on Freedom of the Press and the social theory of responsibility Professionalism and media ethics Four Theories of the Press and beyond The public service broadcasting alternative Mass media, civil society and the public sphere Response to the discontents of the public sphere Alternative visions Normative media theory: four models Conclusion PART THREE: STRUCTURES 8. Media Structure and Performance: Principles and Accountability Media freedom as a principle Media equality as a principle Media diversity as a principle Truth and information quality Social order and solidarity Cultural order The meaning of accountability Two alternative models of accountability Lines and relations of accountability Frames of accountability Conclusion 9. Media Economics and Governance Media 'not just any other business' The basics of media structure and levels of analysis Some economic principles of media structure Ownership and control Competition and concentration Mass media governance The regulation of mass media: alternative models Media policy paradigm shifts Media systems and political systems Conclusion 10. Global Mass Communication Origins of globalization Driving forces: technology and money Global media structure Multinational media ownership and control Varieties of global mass media International media dependency Cultural imperialism and beyond The media transnationalization process International news flow The global trade in media culture Towards a global media culture? Global media governance Conclusion PART FOUR: ORGANIZATIONS 11. The Media Organization: Pressures and Demands Research methods and perspectives The main issues Levels of analysis The media organization in a field of social forces Relations with society Relations with pressure and interest groups Relations with owners and clients Relations with the audience Aspects of internal structure and dynamics The influence of personal characteristics of mass communicators Role conflicts and dilemmas Conclusion 12. The Production of Media Culture Media-organizational activities: gatekeeping and selection Influences on news selection The struggle over access between media and society The influence of sources on news Media-organizational activity: processing and presentation The logic of media culture Alternative models of decision-making The coming of convergence culture: consumers as producers Conclusion PART FIVE: CONTENT 13. Media Content: Issues, Concepts and Methods of Analysis Why study media content? Critical perspectives on content Structuralism and semiology Media content as information Media performance discourse Objectivity and its measurement Questions of research method Traditional content analysis Quantitative and qualitative analysis compared Conclusion 14. Media Genres and Texts Questions of genre Genre and the internet The news genre The structure of news: bias and framing News as narrative Television violence The cultural text and its meanings Conclusion PART SIX: AUDIENCES 15. Audience Theory and Research Traditions The audience concept The original audience From mass to market Goals of audience research Alternative traditions of research Audience issues of public concern Types of audience The audience as a group or public The gratifi cation set as audience The medium audience Audience as defi ned by channel or content Questions of audience reach Activity and selectivity Conclusion 16. Audience Formation and Experience The 'why' of media use A structural approach to audience formation The uses and gratifi cations approach An integrated model of audience choice Public and private spheres of media use Subculture and audience Lifestyle Gendered audiences Sociability and uses of the media Normative framing of media use Audience norms for content The view from the audience Media fandom The end of the audience? The 'escape' of the audience The future of the audience The audience concept again Conclusion PART SEVEN: EFFECTS 17. Processes and Models of Media Effects The premise of media effect The natural history of media effect research and theory: four phases Types of communicative power Levels and kinds of effects Processes of media effect: a typology Individual response and reaction: the stimulus-response model Mediating conditions of effect Source-receiver relations and effect The campaign Conclusion 18. Social-Cultural Effects A model of behavioural effect The media, violence and crime Media, children and young people Collective reaction effects Diffusion of innovation and development The social distribution of knowledge Social learning theory Socialization Social control and consciousness formation Cultivation Media and long-term social and cultural change Entertainment effects Conclusion 19. News, Public Opinion and Political Communication Learning from news News diffusion Framing effects Agenda-setting Effects on public opinion and attitudes The elaboration-likelihood model of infl uence The spiral of silence: the formation of climates of opinion Structuring reality and unwitting bias The communication of risk Political communication effects in democracies Effects on the political institution and process Media influence on event outcomes Propaganda and war Internet news effects Conclusion EPILOGUE 20. The Future of Mass Communication Origins of the mass communication idea The end of mass communication? The survival of mass communication The consequences of new media for mass communication Conclusion
2,040 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines the point of journalistic production in one major news organization and shows how reporters and editors manage constraints of time, space, and market pressure under regimes of convergence news making, drawing connections between the political economy of the journalistic field, the organizational structure of multimedia firms, new communications technologies, and the qualities of content created by med...
Abstract: A paradox of contemporary sociology is that the discipline has largely abandoned the empirical study of journalistic organizations and news institutions at the moment when the media has gained visibility in political, economic, and cultural spheres; when other academic fields have embraced the study of media and society; and when leading sociological theorists have broken from the disciplinary cannon to argue that the media are key actors in modern life. This article examines the point of journalistic production in one major news organization and shows how reportersand editors manage constraints of time, space, and market pressure under regimes of convergence news making. It considers the implications of these conditions for the particular forms of intellectual and cultural labor that journalists produce, drawing connections between the political economy of the journalistic field, the organizational structure of multimedia firms, new communications technologies, and the qualities of content created by med...
273 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to compute the probability of a given node having a negative value for a given value of 0, i.e., a node having no negative value is 0.
Abstract: Для числа ε > 0 и вещественной функции f на отрезке [a, b] обозначим через N(ε, f, [a, b]) супремум множества тех номеров n, для которых в [a, b] существует набор неналегающих отрезков [ai, bi], i = 1, . . . , n, таких, что |f(ai)− f(bi)| > ε для всех i = 1, . . . , n (sup ∅ = 0). Доказана следующая теорема: если {fj} – поточечно ограниченная последовательность вещественных функций на отрезке [a, b] такая, что n(ε) ≡ lim supj→∞N(ε, fj , [a, b]) < ∞ для любого ε > 0, то {fj} содержит подпоследовательность, которая всюду на [a, b] сходится к некоторой функции f такой, что N(ε, f, [a, b]) 6 n(ε) при любом ε > 0. Показано, что основное условие в этой теореме, связанное с верхним пределом, необходимо для равномерно сходящейся последовательности {fj} и “почти” необходимо для всюду сходящейся последовательности измеримых функций и что многие поточечные принципы выбора, обобщающие классическую теорему Хелли, вытекают из этой теоремы, а также приводятся примеры, иллюстрирующие ее точность. Библиография: 16 названий.
188 citations
TL;DR: Several recent studies document the rapid growth and success of ethnic or minority media in, for example, North America and Western Europe as mentioned in this paper, and scholars in the field tend to attribute this trend as an...
Abstract: Several recent studies document the rapid growth and success of ethnic or minority media in, for example, North America and Western Europe. Scholars in the field tend to attribute this trend as an ...
185 citations