The Reality of the Mass Media
01 Jan 2002-Journal of Communication Inquiry (Sage PublicationsSage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA)-Vol. 26, Iss: 1, pp 96-97
About: This article is published in Journal of Communication Inquiry.The article was published on 2002-01-01. It has received 292 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Mass media.
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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: This paper analyzed articles from various media sources in an attempt to discover how these sources chose to frame this event, then analyzed how these frames are applied to the general gentrification discourse in Berlin.
Abstract: This thesis examines gentrification discourses in Berlin by highlighting an extraordinarily large protest sparked by the eviction of the Gulbol family—long-time residents of Berlin who immigrated to Germany from Turkey. Media outlets chose to frame the event in very different ways. I analyze articles from various media sources in an attempt to discover how these sources chose to frame this event, then analyze how these frames are applied to the general gentrification discourse in Berlin. Non-traditional, or “advocacy” media outlets used technology to break away from mass media frames on the subject and frame the event as governmental oppression and excess. By presenting this alternative frame, alternative media sources help shift how “otherness” in Berlin is defined. Ethnic or religious identity gave way to outside capital investments that are slowly changing the makeup of Berlin.
4 citations
TL;DR: The authors argues that Berlusconi and Trump transposed the practices of a hybrid television genre into the political domain, as the genre of reality television by its very nature changes the way re...
Abstract: This essay argues that Berlusconi and Trump transposed the practices of a hybrid television genre into the political domain. As the genre of reality television by its very nature changes the way re...
4 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In Vampire's Empire as mentioned in this paper, players are tasked with collecting as many points as possible, while attempting to focus a light stream upon the poor duke Dracula, in order to win the game.
Abstract: LOAD MAP DATA # O BOOT CAMP: GROUND ZERO In Vampire's Empire - a violent 80s arcade game - players crusade through unreal dungeons and haunt a cute-old-little vampire. Alike within any capitalistic endeavour, virtually controlling and violently executing command, is mandatory to win the game. Commonly, social order comes for free - accompanied by prevailing levels of social indifference. We are already familiar with the mission, well before the game begins: collecting as many points as possible, while attempting to focus a light stream upon the poor duke Dracula. Conceptually, Bret Easton EINs' novel American Psycho and Vampire's Empire got a lot in common, but one difference remains: Patrick Bateman, brilliantly performing as an all-star-vampire, never sees the light, and no-body seemingly haunts him. Here comes your assignment: Like alltoo-many-others, Patrick Bateman persists to luminously perform; due to invisibly organQzing hands, that immediately resolve every apparent conflict, within his gaming empire. Judged by first impression, Patrick Bateman is gaming within an empire without an exit - this is where your task begins. You are a MASTER OF INTERPRETATION (MOI), in charge to catch on empire's vampire. You will need to master this line of flight, to successfully complete your mission. The upcoming 9 game maps are getting increasingly incomprehensible, as you proceed. There are no time-restrictions. As your quest proceeds, new weapons, bonuses and surprises will be available: The better you look, the more you see[1]. As a common playground, both American Psycho and Vampire's Empire, build their stories on the destinies of information-agevampires. One is haunted by the spectre of an old-fashioned arcade-player, fuelled by the conventional wisdom to score, dominate and win. Another is doomed to impressively perform his deeds within the loops of an 80s-style greed society software. Sharp-looking Patrick Bateman just wants to fit in, and live up to the expectations of the New York greed society protocols. Patrick wanders around, like within a gigantic first-person-shooter-like simulation. Without the least of consequences, the effects of his moves violate every single moral law of the prevailing post-enlightened, global society. Yet, the quality of the Patrick character steams from a certain sensibility; while he is seizing all-too-many-things that go wrong, he pushes even harder. But two wrongs don't make a right. Breakdown symptoms of his virtual gaming environment are omni-present. Any affirmatively following observer is constantly expecting the end of Patrick's mission - his mistakes are just too obvious. His lawyer knows, just as well as his secretary - the symptoms of his violent pre-occupations are much rather murder & executions, than mergers & acquisitions. Besides, Bret Easton Ellis'American Psycho is not producing anything to justify his WTC corner office, but displays all the characteristics of a non-active activist[2] manager. Patrick's job appears to be the simulation of his job. He constantly operates on the verge of collapsing. At first sight, his violent actions appear to be the other side of socially required acts of repression; as if they were directly resulting from the heavyweight of his determined[3] and schizophrenic[4] life-style. A-life-style that really has become the life-style of an increasing number of corporate adventurers. You already realized this, right, together with the historical fact, that inter-faces of social connectivity (games, movies, and novels like American Psycho and Vampire's Empire) vary along with the Utopia (gaia[5], electricity[6], media[7], self-descriptive communication[8], code[9], or multitudinal virtual power[10]) that marks a respective society's phantasmic horizon. No wonder - a fair number of us, and them, grew up with regard to the phantasmic horizon of the 80s. Its traces and leftovers remain highly visible. Do not all of us maintain a fair deal of relationships with the kinds of Patrick Batemans'? …
3 citations
Cites methods from "The Reality of the Mass Media"
...(Luhmann, 2000) This experimenting with Niklas Luhmann in a nutshell takes beginnings for granted, because every beginning has already begun[42]....
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27 Jun 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, an artigo interroga-se sobre as mutacoes nos modos de organizacao da experiencia e da memoria publica, colocando em destaque o modo como os mass media selecionam, organizam, and transmitem a reportagem dos acontecimentos.
Abstract: Ao longo do seculo XX, o espaco publico sofreu uma serie de modificacoes que estao em estreita relacao com as transformacoes dos mass media. No mundo contemporâneo, sao a imagem televisiva, a internet, a world wide web e os diferentes tipos de tecnologia digital, na sua familiaridade e ubiquidade, que dao uma configuracao ao espaco publico. Este artigo interroga-se sobre as mutacoes nos modos de organizacao da experiencia e da memoria publica, colocando em destaque o modo como os mass media selecionam, organizam e transmitem a reportagem dos acontecimentos, dando-lhe uma visibilidade publica. Esta analise toma como base empirica o exemplo concreto fornecido pelas guerras dos Balcas nos anos 1990.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual design framework for a 21st century curriculum that bio-mimics living systems and organic molecular structure, based on systems thinking and mechanistic principles, is presented.
Abstract: If sustainability is to be an integral part of rethinking education organization, it is necessary to redesign mental models that shape present curricular structures. Assumptions underlying the design of most schools and curricula are based on linear industrial models, which raises an essential question: How can we use opposite concepts of systems dynamics and living structures to create a shift in our present thinking about curriculum and learning for sustainability? From this, we can begin a dramatic design shift toward innovative curriculum to prepare future students and teachers. This article begins with a critique of modern industrial education, then moves into an overview of sustainability concepts and structure through systems thinking. The article then presents the research of an original sustainability curriculum that structures assessment to measure systems thinking. From the results, the article then explores a conceptual design framework for a 21st century curriculum that bio-mimics living systems and organic molecular structure, based on systems thinking and mechanistic principles. By placing assessment on competency relationships and not solely assignment completion, this new framework encourages students and educators to develop emerging 21st century skills in the age of digital technology and communication. This essay and framework, which emerged from the author’s dissertation research and findings, offers a new conceptual tool to the field of sustainability education while challenging educators to adopt living systems into their own instructional designs.
3 citations
Cites background from "The Reality of the Mass Media"
...This is true not only of our knowledge of society but also of our knowledge of nature” [36] (p....
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References
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Book•
18 Jul 2003
TL;DR: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
Abstract: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Types of Exchange, Speech Functions, and Grammatical Mood Part 3: Discourses and Representations 7. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Styles 10. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
6,407 citations
Book•
15 May 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the issues in mass communication, and propose a framework for connecting media with society through a social theory of media and society, as well as four models of communication: power and inequality, social integration and identity, social change and development, space and time, and accountability.
Abstract: PART ONE: PRELIMINARIES 1. Introduction to the Book Our object of study The structure of the book Themes and issues in mass communication Manner of treatment How to use the book Limitations of coverage and perspective Different kinds of theory Communication science and the study of mass communication Alternative traditions of analysis: structural, behavioural and cultural Conclusion 2. The Rise of Mass Media From the beginning to mass media Print media: the book Print media: the newspaper Other print media Film as a mass medium Broadcasting Recorded music The communications revolution: new media versus old Differences between media Conclusion PART TWO: THEORIES 3. Concepts and Models for Mass Communication Early perspectives on media and society The 'mass' concept The mass communication process The mass audience The mass media as an institution of society Mass culture and popular culture The rise of a dominant paradigm for theory and research An alternative, critical paradigm Four models of communication Conclusion 4. Theory of Media and Society Media, society and culture: connections and conflicts Mass communication as a society-wide process: the mediation of social relations and experience A frame of reference for connecting media with society Theme I: power and inequality Theme II: social integration and identity Theme III: social change and development Theme IV: space and time Media-society theory I: the mass society Media-society theory II: Marxism and political economy Media-society theory III: functionalism Media-society theory IV: social constructionism Media-society theory V: communication technology determinism Media-society theory VI: the information society Conclusion 5. Mass Communication and Culture Communication and culture The beginnings: the Frankfurt School and critical cultural theory The redemption of the popular Gender and the mass media Commercialization Communication technology and culture Mass media and postmodern culture Conclusion 6. New Media - New Theory? New media and mass communication What is new about the new media? The main themes of new media theory Applying medium theory to the new media New patterns of information traffic Computer-mediated community formation Political participation, new media and democracy Technologies of freedom? New equalizer or divider? Conclusion 7. Normative Theory of Media and Society Sources of normative obligation The media and the public interest Main issues for social theory of the media Early approaches to theory: the press as 'fourth estate' The 1947 Commission on Freedom of the Press and the social theory of responsibility Professionalism and media ethics Four Theories of the Press and beyond The public service broadcasting alternative Mass media, civil society and the public sphere Response to the discontents of the public sphere Alternative visions Normative media theory: four models Conclusion PART THREE: STRUCTURES 8. Media Structure and Performance: Principles and Accountability Media freedom as a principle Media equality as a principle Media diversity as a principle Truth and information quality Social order and solidarity Cultural order The meaning of accountability Two alternative models of accountability Lines and relations of accountability Frames of accountability Conclusion 9. Media Economics and Governance Media 'not just any other business' The basics of media structure and levels of analysis Some economic principles of media structure Ownership and control Competition and concentration Mass media governance The regulation of mass media: alternative models Media policy paradigm shifts Media systems and political systems Conclusion 10. Global Mass Communication Origins of globalization Driving forces: technology and money Global media structure Multinational media ownership and control Varieties of global mass media International media dependency Cultural imperialism and beyond The media transnationalization process International news flow The global trade in media culture Towards a global media culture? Global media governance Conclusion PART FOUR: ORGANIZATIONS 11. The Media Organization: Pressures and Demands Research methods and perspectives The main issues Levels of analysis The media organization in a field of social forces Relations with society Relations with pressure and interest groups Relations with owners and clients Relations with the audience Aspects of internal structure and dynamics The influence of personal characteristics of mass communicators Role conflicts and dilemmas Conclusion 12. The Production of Media Culture Media-organizational activities: gatekeeping and selection Influences on news selection The struggle over access between media and society The influence of sources on news Media-organizational activity: processing and presentation The logic of media culture Alternative models of decision-making The coming of convergence culture: consumers as producers Conclusion PART FIVE: CONTENT 13. Media Content: Issues, Concepts and Methods of Analysis Why study media content? Critical perspectives on content Structuralism and semiology Media content as information Media performance discourse Objectivity and its measurement Questions of research method Traditional content analysis Quantitative and qualitative analysis compared Conclusion 14. Media Genres and Texts Questions of genre Genre and the internet The news genre The structure of news: bias and framing News as narrative Television violence The cultural text and its meanings Conclusion PART SIX: AUDIENCES 15. Audience Theory and Research Traditions The audience concept The original audience From mass to market Goals of audience research Alternative traditions of research Audience issues of public concern Types of audience The audience as a group or public The gratifi cation set as audience The medium audience Audience as defi ned by channel or content Questions of audience reach Activity and selectivity Conclusion 16. Audience Formation and Experience The 'why' of media use A structural approach to audience formation The uses and gratifi cations approach An integrated model of audience choice Public and private spheres of media use Subculture and audience Lifestyle Gendered audiences Sociability and uses of the media Normative framing of media use Audience norms for content The view from the audience Media fandom The end of the audience? The 'escape' of the audience The future of the audience The audience concept again Conclusion PART SEVEN: EFFECTS 17. Processes and Models of Media Effects The premise of media effect The natural history of media effect research and theory: four phases Types of communicative power Levels and kinds of effects Processes of media effect: a typology Individual response and reaction: the stimulus-response model Mediating conditions of effect Source-receiver relations and effect The campaign Conclusion 18. Social-Cultural Effects A model of behavioural effect The media, violence and crime Media, children and young people Collective reaction effects Diffusion of innovation and development The social distribution of knowledge Social learning theory Socialization Social control and consciousness formation Cultivation Media and long-term social and cultural change Entertainment effects Conclusion 19. News, Public Opinion and Political Communication Learning from news News diffusion Framing effects Agenda-setting Effects on public opinion and attitudes The elaboration-likelihood model of infl uence The spiral of silence: the formation of climates of opinion Structuring reality and unwitting bias The communication of risk Political communication effects in democracies Effects on the political institution and process Media influence on event outcomes Propaganda and war Internet news effects Conclusion EPILOGUE 20. The Future of Mass Communication Origins of the mass communication idea The end of mass communication? The survival of mass communication The consequences of new media for mass communication Conclusion
2,040 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines the point of journalistic production in one major news organization and shows how reporters and editors manage constraints of time, space, and market pressure under regimes of convergence news making, drawing connections between the political economy of the journalistic field, the organizational structure of multimedia firms, new communications technologies, and the qualities of content created by med...
Abstract: A paradox of contemporary sociology is that the discipline has largely abandoned the empirical study of journalistic organizations and news institutions at the moment when the media has gained visibility in political, economic, and cultural spheres; when other academic fields have embraced the study of media and society; and when leading sociological theorists have broken from the disciplinary cannon to argue that the media are key actors in modern life. This article examines the point of journalistic production in one major news organization and shows how reportersand editors manage constraints of time, space, and market pressure under regimes of convergence news making. It considers the implications of these conditions for the particular forms of intellectual and cultural labor that journalists produce, drawing connections between the political economy of the journalistic field, the organizational structure of multimedia firms, new communications technologies, and the qualities of content created by med...
273 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to compute the probability of a given node having a negative value for a given value of 0, i.e., a node having no negative value is 0.
Abstract: Для числа ε > 0 и вещественной функции f на отрезке [a, b] обозначим через N(ε, f, [a, b]) супремум множества тех номеров n, для которых в [a, b] существует набор неналегающих отрезков [ai, bi], i = 1, . . . , n, таких, что |f(ai)− f(bi)| > ε для всех i = 1, . . . , n (sup ∅ = 0). Доказана следующая теорема: если {fj} – поточечно ограниченная последовательность вещественных функций на отрезке [a, b] такая, что n(ε) ≡ lim supj→∞N(ε, fj , [a, b]) < ∞ для любого ε > 0, то {fj} содержит подпоследовательность, которая всюду на [a, b] сходится к некоторой функции f такой, что N(ε, f, [a, b]) 6 n(ε) при любом ε > 0. Показано, что основное условие в этой теореме, связанное с верхним пределом, необходимо для равномерно сходящейся последовательности {fj} и “почти” необходимо для всюду сходящейся последовательности измеримых функций и что многие поточечные принципы выбора, обобщающие классическую теорему Хелли, вытекают из этой теоремы, а также приводятся примеры, иллюстрирующие ее точность. Библиография: 16 названий.
188 citations
TL;DR: Several recent studies document the rapid growth and success of ethnic or minority media in, for example, North America and Western Europe as mentioned in this paper, and scholars in the field tend to attribute this trend as an...
Abstract: Several recent studies document the rapid growth and success of ethnic or minority media in, for example, North America and Western Europe. Scholars in the field tend to attribute this trend as an ...
185 citations