The Reality of the Mass Media
01 Jan 2002-Journal of Communication Inquiry (Sage PublicationsSage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA)-Vol. 26, Iss: 1, pp 96-97
About: This article is published in Journal of Communication Inquiry.The article was published on 2002-01-01. It has received 292 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Mass media.
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Book•
18 Jul 2003
TL;DR: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
Abstract: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Types of Exchange, Speech Functions, and Grammatical Mood Part 3: Discourses and Representations 7. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Styles 10. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
6,407 citations
Cites background from "The Reality of the Mass Media"
...institutions which ‘make use of copying technologies to disseminate communication’ (Luhmann 2000). They involve media such as print, telephone, radio, television, the Internet. In some cases – most obviously the telephone – people are co-present in time but distant in space, and the interaction is one-to-one. These are closest to ordinary conversation. Others are very different from ordinary conversation – for instance, a printed book is written by one or a small number of authors but read by indefinitely many people who may be widely dispersed in time and space. In this case, the text connects different social events – the writing of a book on the one hand, and the many and various social events which include reading (glancing at, referring to, etc.) the book – a train journey, a class in a school, a visit to a bookshop, and so forth. Mediation according to Silverstone (1999) involves the ‘movement of meaning’ – from one social practice to another, from one event to another, from one text to another....
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...institutions which ‘make use of copying technologies to disseminate communication’ (Luhmann 2000)....
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Book•
15 May 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the issues in mass communication, and propose a framework for connecting media with society through a social theory of media and society, as well as four models of communication: power and inequality, social integration and identity, social change and development, space and time, and accountability.
Abstract: PART ONE: PRELIMINARIES 1. Introduction to the Book Our object of study The structure of the book Themes and issues in mass communication Manner of treatment How to use the book Limitations of coverage and perspective Different kinds of theory Communication science and the study of mass communication Alternative traditions of analysis: structural, behavioural and cultural Conclusion 2. The Rise of Mass Media From the beginning to mass media Print media: the book Print media: the newspaper Other print media Film as a mass medium Broadcasting Recorded music The communications revolution: new media versus old Differences between media Conclusion PART TWO: THEORIES 3. Concepts and Models for Mass Communication Early perspectives on media and society The 'mass' concept The mass communication process The mass audience The mass media as an institution of society Mass culture and popular culture The rise of a dominant paradigm for theory and research An alternative, critical paradigm Four models of communication Conclusion 4. Theory of Media and Society Media, society and culture: connections and conflicts Mass communication as a society-wide process: the mediation of social relations and experience A frame of reference for connecting media with society Theme I: power and inequality Theme II: social integration and identity Theme III: social change and development Theme IV: space and time Media-society theory I: the mass society Media-society theory II: Marxism and political economy Media-society theory III: functionalism Media-society theory IV: social constructionism Media-society theory V: communication technology determinism Media-society theory VI: the information society Conclusion 5. Mass Communication and Culture Communication and culture The beginnings: the Frankfurt School and critical cultural theory The redemption of the popular Gender and the mass media Commercialization Communication technology and culture Mass media and postmodern culture Conclusion 6. New Media - New Theory? New media and mass communication What is new about the new media? The main themes of new media theory Applying medium theory to the new media New patterns of information traffic Computer-mediated community formation Political participation, new media and democracy Technologies of freedom? New equalizer or divider? Conclusion 7. Normative Theory of Media and Society Sources of normative obligation The media and the public interest Main issues for social theory of the media Early approaches to theory: the press as 'fourth estate' The 1947 Commission on Freedom of the Press and the social theory of responsibility Professionalism and media ethics Four Theories of the Press and beyond The public service broadcasting alternative Mass media, civil society and the public sphere Response to the discontents of the public sphere Alternative visions Normative media theory: four models Conclusion PART THREE: STRUCTURES 8. Media Structure and Performance: Principles and Accountability Media freedom as a principle Media equality as a principle Media diversity as a principle Truth and information quality Social order and solidarity Cultural order The meaning of accountability Two alternative models of accountability Lines and relations of accountability Frames of accountability Conclusion 9. Media Economics and Governance Media 'not just any other business' The basics of media structure and levels of analysis Some economic principles of media structure Ownership and control Competition and concentration Mass media governance The regulation of mass media: alternative models Media policy paradigm shifts Media systems and political systems Conclusion 10. Global Mass Communication Origins of globalization Driving forces: technology and money Global media structure Multinational media ownership and control Varieties of global mass media International media dependency Cultural imperialism and beyond The media transnationalization process International news flow The global trade in media culture Towards a global media culture? Global media governance Conclusion PART FOUR: ORGANIZATIONS 11. The Media Organization: Pressures and Demands Research methods and perspectives The main issues Levels of analysis The media organization in a field of social forces Relations with society Relations with pressure and interest groups Relations with owners and clients Relations with the audience Aspects of internal structure and dynamics The influence of personal characteristics of mass communicators Role conflicts and dilemmas Conclusion 12. The Production of Media Culture Media-organizational activities: gatekeeping and selection Influences on news selection The struggle over access between media and society The influence of sources on news Media-organizational activity: processing and presentation The logic of media culture Alternative models of decision-making The coming of convergence culture: consumers as producers Conclusion PART FIVE: CONTENT 13. Media Content: Issues, Concepts and Methods of Analysis Why study media content? Critical perspectives on content Structuralism and semiology Media content as information Media performance discourse Objectivity and its measurement Questions of research method Traditional content analysis Quantitative and qualitative analysis compared Conclusion 14. Media Genres and Texts Questions of genre Genre and the internet The news genre The structure of news: bias and framing News as narrative Television violence The cultural text and its meanings Conclusion PART SIX: AUDIENCES 15. Audience Theory and Research Traditions The audience concept The original audience From mass to market Goals of audience research Alternative traditions of research Audience issues of public concern Types of audience The audience as a group or public The gratifi cation set as audience The medium audience Audience as defi ned by channel or content Questions of audience reach Activity and selectivity Conclusion 16. Audience Formation and Experience The 'why' of media use A structural approach to audience formation The uses and gratifi cations approach An integrated model of audience choice Public and private spheres of media use Subculture and audience Lifestyle Gendered audiences Sociability and uses of the media Normative framing of media use Audience norms for content The view from the audience Media fandom The end of the audience? The 'escape' of the audience The future of the audience The audience concept again Conclusion PART SEVEN: EFFECTS 17. Processes and Models of Media Effects The premise of media effect The natural history of media effect research and theory: four phases Types of communicative power Levels and kinds of effects Processes of media effect: a typology Individual response and reaction: the stimulus-response model Mediating conditions of effect Source-receiver relations and effect The campaign Conclusion 18. Social-Cultural Effects A model of behavioural effect The media, violence and crime Media, children and young people Collective reaction effects Diffusion of innovation and development The social distribution of knowledge Social learning theory Socialization Social control and consciousness formation Cultivation Media and long-term social and cultural change Entertainment effects Conclusion 19. News, Public Opinion and Political Communication Learning from news News diffusion Framing effects Agenda-setting Effects on public opinion and attitudes The elaboration-likelihood model of infl uence The spiral of silence: the formation of climates of opinion Structuring reality and unwitting bias The communication of risk Political communication effects in democracies Effects on the political institution and process Media influence on event outcomes Propaganda and war Internet news effects Conclusion EPILOGUE 20. The Future of Mass Communication Origins of the mass communication idea The end of mass communication? The survival of mass communication The consequences of new media for mass communication Conclusion
2,040 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines the point of journalistic production in one major news organization and shows how reporters and editors manage constraints of time, space, and market pressure under regimes of convergence news making, drawing connections between the political economy of the journalistic field, the organizational structure of multimedia firms, new communications technologies, and the qualities of content created by med...
Abstract: A paradox of contemporary sociology is that the discipline has largely abandoned the empirical study of journalistic organizations and news institutions at the moment when the media has gained visibility in political, economic, and cultural spheres; when other academic fields have embraced the study of media and society; and when leading sociological theorists have broken from the disciplinary cannon to argue that the media are key actors in modern life. This article examines the point of journalistic production in one major news organization and shows how reportersand editors manage constraints of time, space, and market pressure under regimes of convergence news making. It considers the implications of these conditions for the particular forms of intellectual and cultural labor that journalists produce, drawing connections between the political economy of the journalistic field, the organizational structure of multimedia firms, new communications technologies, and the qualities of content created by med...
273 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to compute the probability of a given node having a negative value for a given value of 0, i.e., a node having no negative value is 0.
Abstract: Для числа ε > 0 и вещественной функции f на отрезке [a, b] обозначим через N(ε, f, [a, b]) супремум множества тех номеров n, для которых в [a, b] существует набор неналегающих отрезков [ai, bi], i = 1, . . . , n, таких, что |f(ai)− f(bi)| > ε для всех i = 1, . . . , n (sup ∅ = 0). Доказана следующая теорема: если {fj} – поточечно ограниченная последовательность вещественных функций на отрезке [a, b] такая, что n(ε) ≡ lim supj→∞N(ε, fj , [a, b]) < ∞ для любого ε > 0, то {fj} содержит подпоследовательность, которая всюду на [a, b] сходится к некоторой функции f такой, что N(ε, f, [a, b]) 6 n(ε) при любом ε > 0. Показано, что основное условие в этой теореме, связанное с верхним пределом, необходимо для равномерно сходящейся последовательности {fj} и “почти” необходимо для всюду сходящейся последовательности измеримых функций и что многие поточечные принципы выбора, обобщающие классическую теорему Хелли, вытекают из этой теоремы, а также приводятся примеры, иллюстрирующие ее точность. Библиография: 16 названий.
188 citations
TL;DR: Several recent studies document the rapid growth and success of ethnic or minority media in, for example, North America and Western Europe as mentioned in this paper, and scholars in the field tend to attribute this trend as an...
Abstract: Several recent studies document the rapid growth and success of ethnic or minority media in, for example, North America and Western Europe. Scholars in the field tend to attribute this trend as an ...
185 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the differences in framing between the news media and the political public relations during a political conflict were analyzed by applying the diagnostic, prognostic and mobilization framing tasks of Snow and Benford (1988).
Abstract: In this study the differences in framing between the news media and the political public relations during a political conflict – the “Pillar of Defense” – were analyzed by applying the diagnostic, prognostic and mobilization framing tasks of Snow and Benford (1988). Also the use of moralization and justification, and their fit within this framework was examined. A deductive coding scheme was designed in order to perform a content analysis, drawing from newspapers from the United States, the Netherlands and Israel. In addition, the press releases and speeches by the main political leaders of Israel were analyzed. Besides the content analysis, statistical tests were conducted in SPSS to examine the correlations between the framework, justification and moralization. None of the correlations were statistically significant. The conclusion of the research is that the political Public Relations (PR) use the diagnostic and the mobilization frames more often than the news media do, however the news media use more prognostic frames than the political PR. Furthermore, the diagnostic frame uses the most justifications and the mobilization frames the most moralizations, compared to the total three framing tasks.
3 citations
TL;DR: The authors present Passage through Hell: Modernist Descents, Medieval Underworlds (1997), Subterranean Cities: The World beneath Paris and London, 1800-1945 (2005), Metropolis on the Styx: The Underworlds of Modern Urban Culture, 1800−2001 (2007), and Canadian Cinema since the 1980s: At the Heart of the World (2012).
Abstract: sor of Literature at American University. His books include Passage through Hell: Modernist Descents, Medieval Underworlds (1997), Subterranean Cities: The World beneath Paris and London, 1800–1945 (2005), Metropolis on the Styx: The Underworlds of Modern Urban Culture, 1800–2001 (2007), and Canadian Cinema since the 1980s: At the Heart of the World (2012). Current projects include the nineteenth-century city after the nineteenth century and a cultural history of the modern slum. modernism / modernity volume twenty two, number one, pp 125–152. © 2015
3 citations
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors outline elements of a general model of threat induced social action, which treats sources and targets of threats as the outcomes of observation by social actors and explains how observation of primary threat reactions is able to create cascades of secondary threats on the part of other actors.
Abstract: The observation of impending harm to valued objects triggers different kinds of action by social actors. In a synopsis of approaches developed in general sociology, stress psychology, cultural theory, disaster and technical risk research and the sociology of social problems we outline elements of a general model of threat induced social action. Covering concepts such as risk, danger, stressor, and fear, the model treats sources and targets of threats as the outcomes of observation by social actors. A threat relation emerges as a result of a contingent process in which meaning is attributed to phenomena. Observation by actors is influenced by their individual experiences, social and cultural patterns and frames, and the deliberate action of others. Further, the model explains how observation of primary threat reactions is able to create cascades of secondary threats on the part of other actors.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a reconceptualization of the way in which social and legal sciences traditionally represented the relation between the judicial system and public opinion is presented. But the notion of polycontexturality here suggests a new approach which consists of analyzing the structures involved in the selection and judicial shaping of legally relevant public opinions.
Abstract: Cet article propose de re-conceptualiser la maniere dont les sciences sociales et juridiques se sont traditionnellement represente le rapport du systeme judiciaire a l'opinion publique. Nos developpements s'appuient sur la theorie des systemes de Niklas Luhmann de meme que sur des exemples empiriques tires de la jurisprudence et d'entretiens qualitatifs permettant de mettre en evidence le potentiel heuristique d'une polycontexturalisation de l'opinion publique. En sciences sociales et juridiques, si les recherches se sont surtout interessees au point de vue de l'opinion publique sur la justice du judiciaire, la notion de polycontexturalite nous amene, quant a elle, a deplacer l'angle d'observation et a privilegier l'analyse des structures impliquees dans la selection et la mise en forme judiciaire des opinions publiques privilegiees. L'objectif n'est alors plus celui de comprendre comment l'opinion publique pense le judiciaire, mais plutot de comprendre a cet egard comment le judiciaire pense que l'opinion publique pense. This article suggests a reconceptualization of the way in which social and legal sciences traditionally represented the relation between the judicial system and public opinion. Our analysis is based on Niklas Luhmann's systems theory and on empirical examples taken from case laws and qualitative interviews demonstrating the heuristic potential of the polycontexturalisation of public opinion. In social and legal sciences, research has mainly focused on the public's opinion of the judicial system. But the notion of polycontexturality here suggests a new approach which consists of analyzing the structures involved in the selection and judicial shaping of legally relevant public opinions. The goal then is no longer to understand what public opinion thinks of the judiciary but rather to understand what the judiciary believes public opinion thinks of it.
3 citations
TL;DR: Theatre companies may, if they consider the performances of the city at all, regard them as lacking animation, vitality, and spiritedness, and feel they should enhance them with imagination, expertise, and refinement, bringing comedy, drama and beauty to the city as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Theatre companies may, if they consider the performances of the city at all, regard them as lacking animation, vitality, and spiritedness, and feel they should enhance them with imagination, expertise, and refinement, bringing comedy, drama, and beauty to the city. But this would amount to value judgments not necessarily shared by the people living in the city. City-dwellers may even judge a market, a schoolyard, or a protest demonstration to be much more interesting in terms of motives, purposes, procedures, addresses, and cunning than any theatre performance. Theatre companies may also come to believe that cities' performances are somehow dishonest and deceitful because some actor or institution plays to its public and thus misleads them in certain ways. The theatre would then be the place to stage criticism of dishonesty and deceit, the place where sincere opinions and real feelings prevail. But then, how would the theatre judge its own need to gain the attention of an audience in the first place? Does it not have to play tricks as well, doing professionally in the midst of the city what other actors and institutions are still trying not only to master but also to figure out?
2 citations