Journal ArticleDOI
The Recent Past and Near Future of Risk and/or Need Assessment
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Andrews et al. as discussed by the authors reviewed the progress of risk assessment in criminal justice and assess progress since Andrews, Bonta, and Hoge's (1990; Andrews, Zinger, et al., 1990) statement of the human service principles of risk-needresponsivity and professional discretion.Abstract:
The history of risk assessment in criminal justice has been written on several occasions (Andrews & Bonta, 2003; Clements, 1996; Hollin, 2002). Here we assess progress since Andrews, Bonta, and Hoge’s (1990; Andrews, Zinger, et al., 1990) statement of the human service principles of risk-needresponsivity (RNR) and professional discretion. In those articles, the corrections-based terms of risk and need were transformed into principles addressing the major clinical issues of who receives treatment (higher risk cases), what intermediate targets are set (reduce criminogenic needs), and what treatment strategies are employed (match strategies to the learning styles and motivation of cases: the principles of general and specific responsivity). General responsivity asserts the general power of behavioral, social learning, and cognitive-behavioral strategies. Specific responsivity suggests matching of service with personality, motivation, and ability and with demographics such as age, gender, and ethnicity. Nonadherence is possible for stated reasons under the principle of professional discretion. Expanded sets of principles now include consideration of case strengths, setting of multiple criminogenic needs as targets, community-based, staff relationship and structuring skills, and a management focus on integrity through the selection, training, and clinical supervision of staff and organizational supports (Andrews, 2001). The review is conducted in the context of the advent of the fourth generation of offender assessment. Bonta (1996) earlier described three generations of risk assessment. The first generation (1G) consisted mainly of unstructured professional judgments of the probability of offending behavior. Aread more
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References
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The Psychology of Criminal Conduct
Demetra Andrews,James Bonta +1 more
TL;DR: For instance, the authors investigates the relationship between the beginning and maintenance of criminal activity and diverse risk predictors (singular and social, static and dynamic) in the development of criminal behaviour.
Journal ArticleDOI
Predicting relapse: a meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies.
TL;DR: The results suggest that applied risk assessments of sexual offenders should consider separately the offender's risk for sexual and nonsexual recidivism.
Journal ArticleDOI
Does correctional treatment work? a clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis *
TL;DR: Clinical sensitivity and a psychologically informed perspective on crime may assist in the renewed service, research, and conceptual efforts that are strongly indicated by the review.
Journal ArticleDOI
The empirical status of gottfredson and hirschi's general theory of crime: a meta‐analysis
TL;DR: The authors conducted a meta-analysis on existing empirical studies to determine the empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime, and found that low self-control is an important predictor of crime and of "analogous behaviors".