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Journal ArticleDOI

The Relationship Among Alcohol Consumption, Dietary Intake, and Body Mass Index in Young Adults

About: This article is published in Journal of The American Dietetic Association.The article was published on 2005-08-01 and is currently open access. It has received 2 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Body mass index.

Summary (1 min read)

Introduction

  • She is an excellent mentor for whom my respect has grown tremendously over the past semesters.
  • In 1995 to 1996, the Bogalusa Heart Study (BHS), an epidemiologic study of CVD risk factors from birth through young adulthood, surveyed young adults who were BHS participants in childhood to assess dietary intake and alcohol consumption.
  • The YAQ is a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in which foods are grouped into broad categories.

Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption in Young Adults

  • The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse , a project of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration of the federal government, was initiated in 1971 and is the primary source of information on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco (13).
  • NHANES reports that the prevalence of overweight and obesity for adults was relatively constant from 1960 to 1980; however, by 1988-1994 NHANES III, overweight 12 and obesity increased significantly for white and black males and females aged 20 to 74 (45).
  • They were shown to be valid and reproducible in both populations.
  • Energy from alcohol was added to the diets of light drinkers but replaced non- alcohol energy, especially from carbohydrates, in moderate and heavy drinkers (15).
  • A study of 179 middle-class males was designed to quantify long-term alcohol intake and to investigate the relation of level of alcohol consumption with dietary intake (71).

Alcohol Metabolism

  • The paradoxical inverse relation sometimes seen between alcohol consumption and body weight remains unexplained by nutritionists.
  • When alcohol energy was added to non-alcohol energy, subjects failed to gain weight (78, 81).
  • Alcohol may increase meal size through a combination of direct and indirect effects (95).
  • Frequency of drinking was consistently lower for females than for males.
  • Possible effects of changes in marital status, employment status, and having children on alcohol consumption and the frequency of heavy drink ing was examined in 1,327 males and females aged 16 to 69 years (119).

Overview

  • General data collection procedures used in the Bogalusa Heart Study (BHS) are described below; however, a specific data set was used for this thesis.
  • The study design, participation, and protocols are described in detail elsewhere (39).

Body Mass Index

  • The adjusted means (+ SE) for BMI (kg/m2) of drinkers by gender, race, and race/gender are shown in Table 11a.
  • No other significant differences were seen among levels of alcohol consumption.
  • Waist Circumference Table 12a shows the adjusted means (+ SE) for waist circumference (cm) of drinkers by gender, race, and race/gender.

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Citations
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01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Intake of spirits and beer as well as smoking was measured by questionnaire in a random population sample from two counties of Eastern Finland in 1972 and during a 7-yr follow-up 209 of these men had developed an acute myocardial infarction and 223 men had died.
Abstract: Intake of spirits and beer as well as smoking was measured by questionnaire in a random population sample from two counties of Eastern Finland in 1972. At the same time serum cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure were measured in a field examination. The study material consists of 4063 men aged 30-59 years (participation rate 92%). During a 7-yr follow-up 209 of these men had developed an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 223 men had died. Reported spirits and beer intake had both a strong positive association with smoking and serum triglycerides, a weak positive association with diastolic blood pressure, but no relationship to serum total cholesterol. Use of spirits at least once a week was associated with a reduced risk of AMI. The relative risk (RR), adjusted for age and conventional coronary risk factors was 0.5 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.3-0.9). Consumption of beer had no significant relationship to the risk of AMI. Consumption of at least five bottles of beer a week was related to a slightly excessive risk of death from any cause (adjusted RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0-2.1). Spirits intake had no significant association with the risk of death.

84 citations

01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: For example, this article found that women who consumed alcohol 7-13 times per week had the greatest reduction in weight, while men had only a slight effect on weight in either survey.
Abstract: Alcohol contributes more than 10 per cent of the total caloric intake of adult drinkers in the United States. However, the effect of alcohol on body weight has not been adequately studied in the general population. The association between weight and frequency of alcohol consumption was examined in two national cross-sectional surveys: the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANESII; n = 10,929) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveys (BRFS; n = 18,388). Linear multiple regression was used to estimate the independent effect of alcohol on weight, adjusting for smoking, age, diet practices, physical activity, race, education, and height. Among men, alcohol had only a slight effect on weight in either survey. However, among women, alcohol was associated with a substantial reduction in weight, which was as large as the effect of smoking. Compared with nondrinkers, women who consumed alcohol 7-13 times per week had the greatest reduction in weight: -3.6 kg (95% confidence limits [CL] = -5.6,...

6 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that there is a substantial stability in alcohol use over time, which underscores the importance of implementing preventive programmes targeted towards factors that promote heavy drinking in adolescents.
Abstract: We have analysed data from a longitudinal representative study to explore aggregate and individual level changes in alcohol use from late adolescence to early adulthood. The sample, which consisted of 2000 Norwegians, was assessed at ages 19-22, 21-24 and 25-28 years. Only a bare majority of the respondents reduced their alcohol intake during the course of the study, whereas a substantial proportion showed an increase. The initial drinking level in individuals whose consumption declined was quite high, and the opposite was true for those who increased their consumption. The findings seemed to reflect true changes, implying that they only could be attributed to measurement errors to a limited extent. The stability in absolute alcohol intake was rather low, especially at the very high consumption levels. However, the respondents clearly tended to maintain their relative drinking position over time. Furthermore, the very high consumers were actually somewhat more apt than others to hold their position relative to the group. In contrast to previous research, these results thus suggest that there is a substantial stability in alcohol use over time. This in turn underscores the importance of implementing preventive programmes targeted towards factors that promote heavy drinking in adolescents.

91 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Eric B. Rimm1
TL;DR: Although mounting evidence strongly supports the cardiovascular benefits of moderate alcohol consumption in most populations, clinical advice to abstainers to initiate daily alcohol consumption has not yet been substantiated in the literature and must be taken with caution and given on an individual basis.
Abstract: Alcohol in moderation is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease in healthy men and women. New evidence suggests that this association, described in over 70 epidemiologic studies, is causal and can be explained, in part, by alcohol's beneficial effects on serum lipids and clotting factors. Recently, the inverse association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease also has been reported in populations with adult-onset diabetes and among individuals with previous cardiovascular disease. Although mounting evidence strongly supports the cardiovascular benefits of moderate alcohol consumption in most populations, clinical advice to abstainers to initiate daily alcohol consumption has not yet been substantiated in the literature and must be taken with caution and given on an individual basis.

91 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Total energy intake was enhanced in the alcohol condition by 30%, suggesting that energy from alcohol is not compensated in the short-term and may even have a stimulatory effect on food intake.

88 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data from this study are consistent with a negative reinforcement model of caffeine reinforcement, and demonstrate further the utility of the conditioned flavour preference method for evaluating reinforcing effects of drugs in humans.
Abstract: This study examined whether 100 mg caffeine could reinforce preference for the flavour of a novel drink in moderate caffeine users, both after overnight caffeine abstinence and 2 h after receiving 100 mg caffeine, using a two-stage between-groups procedure with 36 volunteers. In the first stage, liking for a test drink (fruit tea) was assessed at breakfast following overnight caffeine abstinence, with half the subjects receiving caffeine. Liking for the tea increased significantly over four trials for subjects receiving caffeine, and decreased significantly in those without caffeine. These effects were greatest in subjects who rated the drink as highly novel. In stage two, subjects evaluated a second drink (fruit-juice) 2 h after receiving the tea, and again half the subjects received caffeine Those subjects who received caffeine in stage two but not stage one showed a significant increase in liking for the fruit-juice over the 4 test days, whereas subjects who did not receive caffeine at either stage showed a progressive decrease in liking for this drink. In contrast, no significant change in liking for the fruit-juice was seen at stage two for subjects who had received caffeine in stage one, regardless of the presence or absence of caffeine at stage two. Caffeine at breakfast increased ratings of energetic and lively, and energetic ratings also increased following caffeine in the fruit-juice in subjects who had not had caffeine at breakfast. Overall, these data are consistent with a negative reinforcement model of caffeine reinforcement, and demonstrate further the utility of the conditioned flavour preference method for evaluating reinforcing effects of drugs in humans.

84 citations