The relationship between gene density and chromosome banding patterns in mammalian nuclei
01 Jan 1997-pp 65-83
TL;DR: Of all mammalian species, humans have been the most widely studied with respect to chromosome banding and physical gene mapping, however, the vast majority of banding patterns demonstrated in humans have also been shown in other mammalian species.
Abstract: Most species of eukaryotes examined so far exhibit some degree of chromosome banding (reviewed in Sumner, 1990). Of all eukaryotes, however, mammalian chromosomes respond to the widest range of banding techniques. Of all mammalian species, humans have been the most widely studied with respect to chromosome banding and physical gene mapping. However, the vast majority of banding patterns demonstrated in humans have also been shown in other mammalian species.
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TL;DR: This paper discusses specific models, examples and implications of optimized mutagenesis in eukaryotes, and proposes an optimal path of the insertion Mutagenesis by the surviving TEs.
Abstract: Transposable elements (TEs) generate insertions and cause other mutations in the genomic DNA. It is proposed that during co-evolution between TEs and eukaryotic genomes, an optimal path of the insertion mutagenesis is determined by the surviving TEs. These TEs can become semi-permanently established, chromatin-regulated ‘source’ or ‘mutator genes’, responsible for targeting insertion mutations to specific chromosomal regions. Such mutations can manifest themselves in non-random distribution patterns of interspersed repeats in eukaryotic chromosomes. In this paper we discuss specific models, examples and implications of optimized mutagenesis in eukaryotes.
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TL;DR: An exceptional reading e-book entitled International System For Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature provides a thorough legal analysis and guidance to state authorities, human rights and humanitarian actors and others.
Abstract: Never ever burnt out to improve your knowledge by reviewing book. Currently, we present you an exceptional reading e-book entitled International System For Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature panamabustickets.com Study Group has writer this book completely. So, just review them online in this click switch and even download them to allow you check out anywhere. Still confused ways to review? Find them and also make choice for data format in pdf, ppt, zip, word, rar, txt, and also kindle. i international legal protection of human rights ohchr 2 international legal protection of human rights in armed conflict this publication provides a thorough legal analysis and guidance to state authorities, human rights and humanitarian actors and others
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TL;DR: It is likely that most vertebrate genes are associated with ‘HTF islands’—DNA sequences in which CpG is abundant and non-methylated; however, highly tissue-specific genes, though, usually lack islands.
Abstract: It is likely that most vertebrate genes are associated with 'HTF islands'--DNA sequences in which CpG is abundant and non-methylated. Highly tissue-specific genes, though, usually lack islands. The contrast between islands and the remainder of the genome may identify sequences that are to be constantly available in the nucleus. DNA methylation appears to be involved in this function, rather than with activation of tissue specific genes.
3,673 citations
TL;DR: The history and present situation of Hypersensitive Sites, as well as some of the myths and legends surrounding the sites, are reviewed.
Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 160 EXPERIME:�TAL DETECTION OF HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 161 DNA Cleavage and Base Modification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 161 Mapping the Positions of Hypersensitive Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 163 Mapping the Fine Structure of Hypersensitive Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 163 MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 166 BIOLOGY OF HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Constitutive, Inducible, Developmental, and Tissue-Specific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 FUNCTIONAL SEQUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . 169 Enhancers, Silencers, Upstream Activation Sequences, Promoters, Terminators, Replication Origins, Topoisomerase Sites, Recombination Loci, Centromeres, and Telomeres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Histones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Topoisomerases I and II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . , .. . . . 174 RNA Polymerase II 175 Transcription Factors and Other Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 MECHANISMS OF ESTABLISHMENT OF HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 cis-Acting DNA Sequence Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 trans-Acting Protein Factors .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 DNA Conformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 MAINTENANCE AND PROPAGATION OF HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 NUCLEOSOME POSITIONING AND HYPERSENSITIVE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PROSPECTS . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
1,202 citations
TL;DR: All 240 islands identified are associated with genes, and almost all cover at least a part of one exon; i.e., they are useful landmarks in the genome for identifying genes.
927 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrate directly that transcriptionally active genes carry acetylated core histones in chromatin fragments fractions from the nuclei of 15‐day chicken embryo erythrocytes.
Abstract: An antiserum raised against chemically acetylated histone H4 was found to recognize the epitope epsilon-N-acetyl lysine. Affinity-purified antibodies were used to fractionate oligo- and mononucleosomal chromatin fragments from the nuclei of 15-day chicken embryo erythrocytes. Antibody-bound chromatin was found to contain elevated levels of acetylated core histones. On probing with sequences of alpha D globin, an actively transcribed gene, the antibody-bound chromatin was 15- to 30-fold enriched relative to the input chromatin. Using ovalbumin sequences as a probe, no enrichment was observed. The results demonstrate directly that transcriptionally active genes carry acetylated core histones.
922 citations