The representation of temporal information in perception and motor control.
TL;DR: Two subcortical structures, the cerebellum and basal ganglia, play a critical role in the timing of both movement and perception and are examined from both a neurological and a computational perspective.
About: This article is published in Current Opinion in Neurobiology.The article was published on 1996-12-01. It has received 645 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Motor control & Representation (systemics).
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TL;DR: Studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex is central in this process, providing an infrastructure for synthesizing a diverse range of information that lays the foundation for the complex forms of behaviour observed in primates.
Abstract: One of the enduring mysteries of brain function concerns the process of cognitive control. How does complex and seemingly willful behaviour emerge from interactions between millions of neurons? This has long been suspected to depend on the prefrontal cortex--the neocortex at the anterior end of the brain--but now we are beginning to uncover its neural basis. Nearly all intended behaviour is learned and so depends on a cognitive system that can acquire and implement the 'rules of the game' needed to achieve a given goal in a given situation. Studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex is central in this process. It provides an infrastructure for synthesizing a diverse range of information that lays the foundation for the complex forms of behaviour observed in primates.
1,786 citations
Cites methods from "The representation of temporal info..."
...The BASAL GANGLIA and CEREBELLUM are important structures for automating behavioural and cognitive routines, particularly their timin...
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TL;DR: It is proposed that three such endophenotypes — a specific abnormality in reward-related circuitry that leads to shortened delay gradients, deficits in temporal processing that result in high intrasubject intertrial variability, and deficits in working memory — are most amenable to integrative collaborative approaches that aim to uncover the causes of ADHD.
Abstract: Research on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a highly prevalent and controversial condition, has, for the most part, been descriptive and atheoretical. The imperative to discover the genetic and environmental risk factors for ADHD is motivating the search for quantifiable intermediate constructs, termed endophenotypes. In this selective review, we conclude that such endophenotypes should be solidly grounded in the neurosciences. We propose that three such endophenotypes — a specific abnormality in reward-related circuitry that leads to shortened delay gradients, deficits in temporal processing that result in high intrasubject intertrial variability, and deficits in working memory — are most amenable to integrative collaborative approaches that aim to uncover the causes of ADHD.
1,723 citations
Cites background from "The representation of temporal info..."
...By contrast, performance for intervals of less than 1 s is dependent on subcortical circuits (the basal ganglia and cerebellum...
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TL;DR: This work proposes here that time, space and quantity are part of a generalized magnitude system and outlines A Theory Of Magnitude (ATOM) as a conceptually new framework within which to re-interpret the cortical processing of these elements of the environment.
1,651 citations
TL;DR: This paper discusses designing a fully implantable biocompatible recording device, further developing real-time computational algorithms, introducing a method for providing the brain with sensory feedback from the actuators, and designing and building artificial prostheses that can be controlled directly by brain-derived signals.
1,619 citations
Cites background from "The representation of temporal info..."
...93, 423–434 134 Ivry, R.B. (1996) The representation of temporal information in perception and motor control. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6, 851–857 135 Leon, M.I. and Shadlen, M.N. (2003) Representation of time by neurons in the posterior parietal cortex of the macaque....
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...93, 423–434 134 Ivry, R.B. (1996) The representation of temporal information in perception and motor control....
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Book•
14 Apr 2014TL;DR: In this article, the basics of Bayesian analysis are discussed, and a WinBUGS-based approach is presented to get started with WinBUGs, which is based on the SIMPLE model of memory.
Abstract: Part I. Getting Started: 1. The basics of Bayesian analysis 2. Getting started with WinBUGS Part II. Parameter Estimation: 3. Inferences with binomials 4. Inferences with Gaussians 5. Some examples of data analysis 6. Latent mixture models Part III. Model Selection: 7. Bayesian model comparison 8. Comparing Gaussian means 9. Comparing binomial rates Part IV. Case Studies: 10. Memory retention 11. Signal detection theory 12. Psychophysical functions 13. Extrasensory perception 14. Multinomial processing trees 15. The SIMPLE model of memory 16. The BART model of risk taking 17. The GCM model of categorization 18. Heuristic decision-making 19. Number concept development.
1,192 citations
References
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TL;DR: The results demonstrate that local neuronal populations in the visual cortex engage in stimulus-specific synchronous oscillations resulting from an intracortical mechanism, and may provide a general mechanism by which activity patterns in spatially separate regions of the cortex are temporally coordinated.
Abstract: In areas 17 and 18 of the cat visual cortex the firing probability of neurons, in response to the presentation of optimally aligned light bars within their receptive field, oscillates with a peak frequency near 40 Hz. The neuronal firing pattern is tightly correlated with the phase and amplitude of an oscillatory local field potential recorded through the same electrode. The amplitude of the local field-potential oscillations are maximal in response to stimuli that match the orientation and direction preference of the local cluster of neurons. Single and multiunit recordings from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus showed no evidence of oscillations of the neuronal firing probability in the range of 20-70 Hz. The results demonstrate that local neuronal populations in the visual cortex engage in stimulus-specific synchronous oscillations resulting from an intracortical mechanism. The oscillatory responses may provide a general mechanism by which activity patterns in spatially separate regions of the cortex are temporally coordinated.
2,404 citations
1,414 citations
"The representation of temporal info..." refers background in this paper
...Circadian rhythms, regulating metabolic and behavioral activity over 24-hour cycles have been associated with the superchiasmatic nucleus of the brainstem [30]....
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1,321 citations
"The representation of temporal info..." refers methods in this paper
...One such model has been proposed by Treisman [32]....
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TL;DR: The results suggest that the domain of the cerebellar timing process is not limited to the motor system, but is employed by other perceptual and cognitive systems when temporally predictive computations are needed.
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of different types of neurological deficits on timing functions. The performance of Parkinson, cerebellar, cortical, and peripheral neuropathy patients was compared to age-matched control subjects on two separate measures of timing functions. The first task involved the production of timed intervals in which the subjects attempted to maintain a simple rhythm. The second task measured the subjects' perceptual ability to discriminate between small differences in the duration of two intervals.
The primacy of the cerebellum in timing functions was demonstrated by the finding that these were the only patients who showed a deficit in both the production and perception of timing tasks. The cerebellar group was found to have increased variability in performing rhythmic tapping and they were less accurate than the other groups in making perceptual discriminations regarding small differences in duration. Critically, this perceptual deficit appears to be specific to the perception of time since the cerebellar patients were unaffected in a control task measuring the perception of loudness.
It is argued that the operation of a timing mechanism can be conceptualized as an isolable component of the motor control system. Furthermore, the results suggest that the domain of the cerebellar timing process is not limited to the motor system, but is employed by other perceptual and cognitive systems when temporally predictive computations are needed.
1,288 citations
"The representation of temporal info..." refers result in this paper
...Contrary to an earlier report [6], patients with Parkinson's disease were found to be more variable in their performance on a repetitive tapping task....
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...accord with other studies of patients with cortical damage [6,25]....
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TL;DR: The central mathematical concepts of self-organization in nonequilibrium systems are used to show how a large number of empirically observed features of temporal patterns can be mapped onto simple low-dimensional dynamical laws that are derivable from lower levels of description.
Abstract: In the search for principles of pattern generation in complex biological systems, an operational approach is presented that embraces both theory and experiment. The central mathematical concepts of self-organization in nonequilibrium systems (including order parameter dynamics, stability, fluctuations, and time scales) are used to show how a large number of empirically observed features of temporal patterns can be mapped onto simple low-dimensional (stochastic, nonlinear) dynamical laws that are derivable from lower levels of description. The theoretical framework provides a language and a strategy, accompanied by new observables, that may afford an understanding of dynamic patterns at several scales of analysis (including behavioral patterns, neural networks, and individual neurons) and the linkage among them.
1,042 citations
"The representation of temporal info..." refers background in this paper
...Temporal coupling is a ubiquitous property of multicffector movements (reviewed in [48])....
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