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Journal ArticleDOI

The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and Preliminary Psychometric Data

TL;DR: In this article, a revised Conflict Tactics Scales (the CTS2) is proposed to measure psychological and physical attacks on a partner in a marital, cohabiting, or dating relationship.
Abstract: This article describes a revised Conflict Tactics Scales (the CTS2) to measure psychological and physical attacks on a partner in a marital, cohabiting, or dating relationship; and also use of negotiation. The CTS2 has (a) additional items to enhance content validity and reliability; (b) revised wording to increase clarity and specificity; (c) better differentiation between minor and severe levels of each scale; (d) new scales to measure sexual coercion and physical injury; and (e) a new format to simplify administration and reduce response sets. Reliability ranges from .79 to .95. There is preliminary evidence of construct validity.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings confirm that physical and sexual partner violence against women is widespread and the variation in prevalence within and between settings highlights that this violence in not inevitable, and must be addressed.

2,712 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer-based search, supplemented by hand searches, was used to identify studies reported between 1980 and 2001 in which there was a quantified assessment of the validity of retrospective recall of major adverse experiences in childhood.
Abstract: Background: Influential studies have cast doubt on the validity of retrospective reports by adults of their own adverse experiences in childhood. Accordingly, many researchers view retrospective reports with scepticism. Method: A computer-based search, supplemented by hand searches, was used to identify studies reported between 1980 and 2001 in which there was a quantified assessment of the validity of retrospective recall of sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical/emotional neglect or family discord, using samples of at least 40. Validity was assessed by means of comparisons with contemporaneous, prospectively obtained, court or clinic or research records; by agreement between retrospective reports of two siblings; and by the examination of possible bias with respect to differences between retrospective and prospective reports in their correlates and consequences. Medium- to long-term reliability of retrospective recall was determined from studies in which the test–retest period extended over at least 6 months. Results: Retrospective reports in adulthood of major adverse experiences in childhood, even when these are of a kind that allow reasonable operationalisation, involve a substantial rate of false negatives, and substantial measurement error. On the other hand, although less easily quantified, false positive reports are probably rare. Several studies have shown some bias in retrospective reports. However, such bias is not sufficiently great to invalidate retrospective case-control studies of major adversities of an easily defined kind. Nevertheless, the findings suggest that little weight can be placed on the retrospective reports of details of early experiences or on reports of experiences that rely heavily on judgement or interpretation. Conclusion: Retrospective studies have a worthwhile place in research, but further research is needed to examine possible biases in reporting.

2,379 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings partially support previous claims that different methods of measurement produce conflicting results, but there was also evidence that the sample was an important moderator of effect size.
Abstract: Meta-analyses of sex differences in physical aggression to heterosexual partners and in its physical consequences are reported. Women were slightly more likely (d = -.05) than men to use one or more act of physical aggression and to use such acts more frequently. Men were more likely (d =. 15) to inflict an injury, and overall, 62% of those injured by a partner were women. The findings partially support previous claims that different methods of measurement produce conflicting results, but there was also evidence that the sample was an important moderator of effect size. Continuous models showed that younger aged dating samples and a lower proportion of physically aggressive males predicted effect sizes in the female direction. Analyses were limited by the available database, which is biased toward young dating samples in the United States. Wider variations are discussed in terms of two conflicting norms about physical aggression to partners that operate to different degrees in different cultures.

2,331 citations

01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the first global systematic review of scientific data on the prevalence of two forms of violence against women: violence by an intimate partner (intimate partner violence) and sexual violence by someone other than a partner.
Abstract: This report presents the first global systematic review of scientific data on the prevalence of two forms of violence against women: violence by an intimate partner (intimate partner violence) and sexual violence by someone other than a partner (non-partner sexual violence). It shows for the first time global and regional estimates of the prevalence of these two forms of violence using data from around the world. Previous reporting on violence against women has not differentiated between partner- and nonpartner violence.

2,283 citations


Cites methods from "The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales..."

  • ...Assistant Director General Family, Women and Children’s Health World Health Organization Oleg Chestnov Assistant Director General Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health World Health Organization Peter Piot Director and Professor of Global Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence 1 AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome aOR adjusted odds ratio CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CES-D Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale CI confidence interval CINAHL Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature CTS Conflict Tactics Scale DHS Demographic and Health Survey DSM-IV Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition GBD Global Burden of Disease GENACIS Gender, alcohol and culture: an international study HIV human immunodeficiency virus IMEMR Index Medicus for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region IMSEAR Index Medicus for the WHO South-East Asia Region IVAWS International Violence Against Women Survey LSHTM London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine OR odds ratio PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder RHS reproductive health survey (CDC) SAMRC South African Medical Research Council STI sexually transmitted infection USA United States of America WHO World Health Organization WPRIM Western Pacific Region Index Medicus Abbreviations 2 Global and regional estimates of violence against women “There is one universal truth, applicable to all countries, cultures and communities: violence against women is never acceptable, never excusable, never tolerable.”...

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  • ...The Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) (20) has been widely used in the United States of America (USA) and elsewhere to document the prevalence of physical partner violence, framing violent acts in the context of relationship conflict....

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  • ...The Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) (20 ) has been widely used in the United States of America (USA) and elsewhere to document the prevalence of physical partner violence, framing violent acts in the context of relationship conflict....

    [...]

  • ...The WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women (21) and the violence against women module of the DHS (22 ) are adapted versions of the CTS that also ask about a set of behaviourally specific acts that women experience, without framing the questions as gradations of relationship conflict, but rather as independent acts in a constellation of experiences Section 1: Methodology 10 Global and regional estimates of violence against women encompassing partner violence....

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  • ...Straus MA et al. The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A parent-to-child version of the Conflict Tactics Scales, the CTSPC is better suited to measuring child maltreatment than the original CTS and is practical for epidemiological research on child malt treatment and for clinical screening.

2,093 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This transmutability of the validation matrix argues for the comparisons within the heteromethod block as the most generally relevant validation data, and illustrates the potential interchangeability of trait and method components.
Abstract: Content Memory (Learning Ability) As Comprehension 82 Vocabulary Cs .30 ( ) .23 .31 ( ) .31 .31 .35 ( ) .29 .48 .35 .38 ( ) .30 .40 .47 .58 .48 ( ) As judged against these latter values, comprehension (.48) and vocabulary (.47), but not memory (.31), show some specific validity. This transmutability of the validation matrix argues for the comparisons within the heteromethod block as the most generally relevant validation data, and illustrates the potential interchangeability of trait and method components. Some of the correlations in Chi's (1937) prodigious study of halo effect in ratings are appropriate to a multitrait-multimethod matrix in which each rater might be regarded as representing a different method. While the published report does not make these available in detail because it employs averaged values, it is apparent from a comparison of his Tables IV and VIII that the ratings generally failed to meet the requirement that ratings of the same trait by different raters should correlate higher than ratings of different traits by the same rater. Validity is shown to the extent that of the correlations in the heteromethod block, those in the validity diagonal are higher than the average heteromethod-heterotrait values. A conspicuously unsuccessful multitrait-multimethod matrix is provided by Campbell (1953, 1956) for rating of the leadership behavior of officers by themselves and by their subordinates. Only one of 11 variables (Recognition Behavior) met the requirement of providing a validity diagonal value higher than any of the heterotrait-heteromethod values, that validity being .29. For none of the variables were the validities higher than heterotrait-monomethod values. A study of attitudes toward authority and nonauthority figures by Burwen and Campbell (1957) contains a complex multitrait-multimethod matrix, one symmetrical excerpt from which is shown in Table 6. Method variance was strong for most of the procedures in this study. Where validity was found, it was primarily at the level of validity diagonal values higher than heterotrait-heteromethod values. As illustrated in Table 6, attitude toward father showed this kind of validity, as did attitude toward peers to a lesser degree. Attitude toward boss showed no validity. There was no evidence of a generalized attitude toward authority which would include father and boss, although such values as the VALIDATION BY THE MULTITRAIT-MULTIMETHOD MATRIX

15,795 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the social consequences of low self-control in criminal events and individual propensities: age, gender, and race, as well as white-collar crime.
Abstract: Preface Part I. Crime: 1. Classical theory and the idea of crime 2. The nature of crime Part II. Criminality: 3. Biological positivism 4. Psychological, economic, and sociological positivism 5. The nature of criminality: low self-control Part II. Applications of the Theory: 6. Criminal events and individual propensities: age, gender, and race 7. The social consequences of low self-control 8. Culture and crime 9. White-collar crime 10. Organization and crime Part IV. Research and Policy: 11. Research design and measurement 12. Implications for public policy Index.

7,154 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

6,864 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Conflict Tactics (CT) scales as discussed by the authors measure the use of reasoning, verbal aggression, and violence within the family in intra-family conflict and violence research, and the CT scales are designed for measuring the use qf Reasoning, VerbalAggression, and Violence within families.
Abstract: Development of research on intrafamily conflict and violence requires both conceptual clarity and measures of the concepts. The introduction to this paper therefore seeks to clarifj and distinguish the concepts of "conflict, " "conflict of interest, " "hostility, " and "violence. " The main part qf the paper describes the Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. The CT Scales are designed to measure the use qf Reasoning, VerbalAggression, and Violence within the family. Information is presented on the following aspects of this instrument: theoretical rational, acceptability to respondents, scoring, factor structure, reliability, validity, and norms for a nationally representative sample of 2,143 couples.

6,226 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1970

5,390 citations