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The Revolt of Islam
01 Jan 1818-
About: The article was published on 1818-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 111 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Islam.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present five primary strategies of costly signaling: attrition, intimidation, provocation, spoiling, and outbidding, which are used by terrorists to change minds by destroying bodies.
Abstract: Terrorism is designed to change minds by destroying bodies; it is a form of costly signaling. Terrorists employ five primary strategies of costly signaling: attrition, intimidation, provocation, spoiling, and outbidding. The main targets of persuasion are the enemy and the population that the terrorists hope to represent or control. Terrorists wish to signal that they have the strength and will to impose costs on those who oppose them, and that the enemy and moderate groups on the terrorists' side cannot be trusted and should not be supported. Each strategy works well under certain conditions and poorly under others. State responses to one strategy may be inappropriate for other strategies. In some cases, however, terrorists are pursuing a combination of strategies, and the response must also work well against this combination.
740 citations
TL;DR: This article traced the history of modern terrorism from the end of the Second World War to the beginning of the twenty-first century and divided that history into three stylized waves: terrorism in the service of national liberation and ethnic separatism, left-wing terrorism, and Islamist terrorism.
Abstract: This paper traces the history of modern terrorism from the end of the Second World War to the beginning of the twenty-first century. It divides that history into three stylized waves: terrorism in the service of national liberation and ethnic separatism, left-wing terrorism, and Islamist terrorism. Adopting a constitutional political economy perspective, the paper argues that terrorism is rooted in the artificial nation-states created during the interwar period and suggests solutions grounded in liberal federalist constitutions and, perhaps, new political maps for the Middle East, Central Asia and other contemporary terrorist homelands.
148 citations
Cites background from "The Revolt of Islam"
...His purpose was to return the Muslim world to the pure and authentic Islam of the Prophet, removing and, where necessary, destroying all later accretions" (Lewis, 2001, p. 59)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply the theory of collective action to explain the dynamic of violence escalation and persistence in Islamist terrorism, which stems from the conviction that a theocracy is the only answer to the multiple problems of Middle Eastern and Muslim countries.
Abstract: Terrorism is an extreme, violent response to a failed political process engaging political regimes and ethnic and ideological adversaries over fundamental governance issues. Applying the theory of collective action, the author explains the dynamic of violence escalation and persistence. Recent Islamist terrorism stems from the conviction that a theocracy is the only answer to the multiple problems of Middle Eastern and Muslim countries. Checks on terrorism result both from external social control and from the internal contradictions of theocratic states.
121 citations
TL;DR: This paper argued that the main attraction of the Huntington paradigm is its attempt to analyse international relations without discussing actual politics, especially the issue of Palestine in particular and of Arab nationalism in general.
Abstract: The mainstream quality media in the USA--unlike that of Europe--framed September 11 within the context of Islam, culture and civilisations. In other words, it explained the crisis by resorting to Samuel Huntington's 'Clash of civilizations'. This article has three aims: to illustrate how the media did so; to answer the question why it did so; and to explore the implications of doing so both for the general public and for the academic community. The article argues that the main attraction of the Huntington paradigm is its attempt to analyse international relations without discussing actual politics--especially the issue of Palestine in particular and of Arab nationalism in general.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this article, globalization changes masculinities - reshaping the arena in which national and local masculinity are articulated, and transforming the shape of men's lives, and gender becomes one of the chief organ...
Abstract: Globalization changes masculinities - reshaping the arena in which national and local masculinities are articulated, and transforming the shape of men's lives. Gender becomes one of the chief organ...
115 citations