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Journal ArticleDOI

The rise of low-cost sensing for managing air pollution in cities.

TL;DR: The drivers behind current rises in the use of low-cost sensors for air pollution management in cities are illustrated, while addressing the major challenges for their effective implementation.
About: This article is published in Environment International.The article was published on 2015-02-01 and is currently open access. It has received 591 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Pollution.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review highlights the research aimed at the implementation of MOFs as an integral part of solid-state microelectronics and discusses the fundamental and applied aspects of this two-pronged approach.
Abstract: Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are typically highlighted for their potential application in gas storage, separations and catalysis. In contrast, the unique prospects these porous and crystalline materials offer for application in electronic devices, although actively developed, are often underexposed. This review highlights the research aimed at the implementation of MOFs as an integral part of solid-state microelectronics. Manufacturing these devices will critically depend on the compatibility of MOFs with existing fabrication protocols and predominant standards. Therefore, it is important to focus in parallel on a fundamental understanding of the distinguishing properties of MOFs and eliminating fabrication-related obstacles for integration. The latter implies a shift from the microcrystalline powder synthesis in chemistry labs, towards film deposition and processing in a cleanroom environment. Both the fundamental and applied aspects of this two-pronged approach are discussed. Critical directions for future research are proposed in an updated high-level roadmap to stimulate the next steps towards MOF-based microelectronics within the community.

908 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An exhaustive evaluation of 24 identical units of a commercial low-cost sensor platform against CEN (European Standardization Organization) reference analyzers, evaluating their measurement capability over time and a range of environmental conditions shows that their performance varies spatially and temporally.

607 citations


Cites background from "The rise of low-cost sensing for ma..."

  • ...However, legislation to regulate the usability of these data is not in place yet (Castell et al., 2013; Kumar et al., 2015; Lewis and Edwards, 2016)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Over the past decade, a range of sensor technologies became available on the market, enabling a revolutionary shift in air pollution monitoring and assessment, and it can be argued that with a significant future expansion of monitoring networks, including indoor environments, there may be less need for wearable or portable sensors/monitors to assess personal exposure.

418 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The performance of emerging air quality sensor technologies in a real-world setting is demonstrated; the variable agreement between sensors and reference monitors indicates that in situ testing of sensors against benchmark monitors should be a critical aspect of all field studies.
Abstract: . Advances in air pollution sensor technology have enabled the development of small and low-cost systems to measure outdoor air pollution. The deployment of a large number of sensors across a small geographic area would have potential benefits to supplement traditional monitoring networks with additional geographic and temporal measurement resolution, if the data quality were sufficient. To understand the capability of emerging air sensor technology, the Community Air Sensor Network (CAIRSENSE) project deployed low-cost, continuous, and commercially available air pollution sensors at a regulatory air monitoring site and as a local sensor network over a surrounding ∼ 2 km area in the southeastern United States. Collocation of sensors measuring oxides of nitrogen, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particles revealed highly variable performance, both in terms of comparison to a reference monitor as well as the degree to which multiple identical sensors produced the same signal. Multiple ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide sensors revealed low to very high correlation with a reference monitor, with Pearson sample correlation coefficient (r) ranging from 0.39 to 0.97, −0.25 to 0.76, and −0.40 to 0.82, respectively. The only sulfur dioxide sensor tested revealed no correlation (r 0.5), step-wise multiple linear regression was performed to determine if ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH), or age of the sensor in number of sampling days could be used in a correction algorithm to improve the agreement. Maximum improvement in agreement with a reference, incorporating all factors, was observed for an NO2 sensor (multiple correlation coefficient R2adj-orig = 0.57, R2adj-final = 0.81); however, other sensors showed no apparent improvement in agreement. A four-node sensor network was successfully able to capture ozone (two nodes) and PM (four nodes) data for an 8-month period of time and show expected diurnal concentration patterns, as well as potential ozone titration due to nearby traffic emissions. Overall, this study demonstrates the performance of emerging air quality sensor technologies in a real-world setting; the variable agreement between sensors and reference monitors indicates that in situ testing of sensors against benchmark monitors should be a critical aspect of all field studies.

329 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The performance characteristics of several low-cost particle and gas monitoring sensors are reviewed and recommendations to end-users for making proper sensor selection are provided by summarizing the capabilities and limitations of such sensors.

323 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Stephen S Lim1, Theo Vos, Abraham D. Flaxman1, Goodarz Danaei2  +207 moreInstitutions (92)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; sum of years lived with disability [YLD] and years of life lost [YLL]) attributable to the independent effects of 67 risk factors and clusters of risk factors for 21 regions in 1990 and 2010.

9,324 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
03 Feb 2006-Science
TL;DR: The establishment of principles and test procedures to ensure safe manufacture and use of nanomaterials in the marketplace is urgently required and achievable.
Abstract: Nanomaterials are engineered structures with at least one dimension of 100 nanometers or less. These materials are increasingly being used for commercial purposes such as fillers, opacifiers, catalysts, semiconductors, cosmetics, microelectronics, and drug carriers. Materials in this size range may approach the length scale at which some specific physical or chemical interactions with their environment can occur. As a result, their properties differ substantially from those bulk materials of the same composition, allowing them to perform exceptional feats of conductivity, reactivity, and optical sensitivity. Possible undesirable results of these capabilities are harmful interactions with biological systems and the environment, with the potential to generate toxicity. The establishment of principles and test procedures to ensure safe manufacture and use of nanomaterials in the marketplace is urgently required and achievable.

8,323 citations


"The rise of low-cost sensing for ma..." refers background in this paper

  • ...These nanomaterials are known to deposit in target organs, including the lungs to trigger injurious responses (Nel et al., 2006)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
11 Aug 2003
TL;DR: The history of research in sensor networks over the past three decades is traced, including two important programs of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) spanning this period: the Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) and the Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) programs.
Abstract: Wireless microsensor networks have been identified as one of the most important technologies for the 21st century. This paper traces the history of research in sensor networks over the past three decades, including two important programs of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) spanning this period: the Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) and the Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) programs. Technology trends that impact the development of sensor networks are reviewed, and new applications such as infrastructure security, habitat monitoring, and traffic control are presented. Technical challenges in sensor network development include network discovery, control and routing, collaborative signal and information processing, tasking and querying, and security. The paper concludes by presenting some recent research results in sensor network algorithms, including localized algorithms and directed diffusion, distributed tracking in wireless ad hoc networks, and distributed classification using local agents.

3,269 citations


"The rise of low-cost sensing for ma..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…University, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE17RU, United Kingdom k Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA l Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA a b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article surveys existing mobile phone sensing algorithms, applications, and systems, and discusses the emerging sensing paradigms, and formulates an architectural framework for discussing a number of the open issues and challenges emerging in the new area ofMobile phone sensing research.
Abstract: Mobile phones or smartphones are rapidly becoming the central computer and communication device in people's lives. Application delivery channels such as the Apple AppStore are transforming mobile phones into App Phones, capable of downloading a myriad of applications in an instant. Importantly, today's smartphones are programmable and come with a growing set of cheap powerful embedded sensors, such as an accelerometer, digital compass, gyroscope, GPS, microphone, and camera, which are enabling the emergence of personal, group, and communityscale sensing applications. We believe that sensor-equipped mobile phones will revolutionize many sectors of our economy, including business, healthcare, social networks, environmental monitoring, and transportation. In this article we survey existing mobile phone sensing algorithms, applications, and systems. We discuss the emerging sensing paradigms, and formulate an architectural framework for discussing a number of the open issues and challenges emerging in the new area of mobile phone sensing research.

2,316 citations


"The rise of low-cost sensing for ma..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Correction factors provided bymanufacturers for temperature and relative humidity are adequate at ppm levels (Lane et al., 2010; Mead et al., 2013), but more sophisticated corrections are required for outdoor conditions where sensitivity is required at the ppb level and ambient temperature changes…...

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  • ...The use of smartphones as sensing instruments (Lane et al., 2010) provides a further prospect for opportunistic sensing and may assist the transition towards new ways of monitoring the environment....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a frame model that deals with all contributions involved in conduction within a real world sensor, and then summarize the contributions together with their interactions in a general applicable model for real world gas sensors.
Abstract: Tin dioxide is a widely used sensitive material for gas sensors. Many research and development groups in academia and industry are contributing to the increase of (basic) knowledge/(applied) know-how. However, from a systematic point of view the knowledge gaining process seems not to be coherent. One reason is the lack of a general applicable model which combines the basic principles with measurable sensor parameters. The approach in the presented work is to provide a frame model that deals with all contributions involved in conduction within a real world sensor. For doing so, one starts with identifying the different building blocks of a sensor. Afterwards their main inputs are analyzed in combination with the gas reaction involved in sensing. At the end, the contributions are summarized together with their interactions. The work presented here is one step towards a general applicable model for real world gas sensors.

2,247 citations


"The rise of low-cost sensing for ma..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In turn, the electron release induces a change in thedensity of the conducting electrons in the polycrystalline sensor element and thus, a change in their conductivity (Barsan and Weimar, 2001; Fine et al., 2010)....

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  • ...All rights reserved....

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