Dissertation•
The role of Swedish single-family dwellings in the electricity system - The importance and impacts of solar photovoltaics, demand response, and energy storage
01 Jan 2016-
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the role Swedish single-family dwellings can play in the electricity system through becoming electricity producers through the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and the possibilities of demand response (DR) and energy storage in combination with this, and through the DR of electric space heating in the dwellings.
Abstract: This thesis investigates the role Swedish single-family dwellings can play in the electricity system. Both through becoming electricity producers through the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and the possibilities of demand response (DR) and energy storage in combination with this, and through the DR of electric space heating in the dwellings. The methodology used builds on the use of optimization models, which describe the relevant parts of the dwellings and technical systems, measured household load profiles, and modeled space heating demand. The developed models are linked to an existing model that performs a cost optimal dispatch of the electricity generation system. Thereby, allowing for co-optimization of the dispatch of supply side electricity generation and DR, and the evaluation of impacts on the supply side of the system from actions taken on the demand side and vice versa. The results indicate that given that there is added value in self-consumption of PV generated electricity, i.e., not paying taxes and variable grid fees on self-consumed PV generated electricity, an expansion of household PV systems in Sweden that is driven by economic incentives appears to be robust with regards to the composition of a future electricity system. The households’ economic potential for battery investments is found to be dependent to a large degree upon the economic value of utilizing them for arbitrage and in the economic value of increased self-consumption of PV generated electricity. Furthermore, a practical limit on the ability of batteries to increase the self-consumption of PV generated electricity in Swedish households is identified. For the DR of household loads the economic value provided to a household’s investment in a PV system is small, except in the case of hydronic heating loads. It is also shown that for future evaluations of large scale investments of household PV-battery systems there is a need to include feedback mechanisms between the supply and demand sides of the electricity system. A significant DR potential is identified for the electric space heating in the dwellings. The economic value of the DR is found to depend on the future electricity system composition. In a future system that is dominated by variable wind power, DR offers economic value through decreasing the number of start-ups, obviating the need for part-load operation of thermal power plants, and avoiding the operation of peaking gas power plants. In an electricity system less dominated by wind power the value of DR is low. The DR is found be used to a large extent for valley filling, increasing load during low load hours, and peak shaving, decreasing load during high load hours.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyse how electric vehicles (EVs) affect the levels of electricity selfconsumption and self-sufficiency in households that have in-house electricity generation from solar photovoltaics (PV).
28 citations
Cites methods from "The role of Swedish single-family d..."
...Self-consumption and self-sufficiency for household solar producers when introducing an electric vehicle Downloaded from: https://research.chalmers.se, 2020-01-31 05:18 UTC Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Gudmunds, D., Nyholm, E., Taljegård, M. et al (2019) Self-consumption and self-sufficiency for household solar producers when introducing an electric vehicle Renewable Energy, In Press http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.10.030 N.B....
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...For additional information about this data-set, see Nyholm, Goop, Odenberger and Johnsson [7]....
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...The outputs of the installed PV systems are expressed in relation to the installed capacities for the households, and are based on the data of Norwood, Nyholm, Otanicar and Johnsson [25] and King, Kratochvil and Boyson [26]....
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...(1) and (7)), as compared to Nyholm, Goop, Odenberger and Johnsson [7]....
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...Themodel is based on that developed and described by Nyholm, Goop, Odenberger and Johnsson [7]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the impact of combining electrification of the steel industry, passenger vehicles, and residential heat supply with flexibility provision from a systems and sector perspective, and they found that a strategic collaboration between the electricity system, an electrified steel industry and the electrified transport sector in the form of passenger electric vehicles (EVs) and household heat supply can reduce total system cost by 8% in the north European electricity system compared to if no collaboration is achieved.
Abstract: This work investigates the connection between electrification of the industry, transport, and heat sector and the integration of wind and solar power in the electricity system. The impact of combining electrification of the steel industry, passenger vehicles, and residential heat supply with flexibility provision is evaluated from a systems and sector perspective. Deploying a parallel computing approach to the capacity expansion problem, the impact of flexibility provision throughout the north European electricity system transition is investigated. It is found that a strategic collaboration between the electricity system, an electrified steel industry, an electrified transport sector in the form of passenger electric vehicles (EVs) and residential heat supply can reduce total system cost by 8% in the north European electricity system compared to if no collaboration is achieved. The flexibility provision by new electricity consumers enables a faster transition from fossil fuels in the European electricity system and reduces thermal generation. From a sector perspective, strategic consumption of electricity for hydrogen production and EV charging and discharging to the grid reduces the number of hours with very high electricity prices resulting in a reduction in annual electricity prices by up to 20%.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the potential for flexible space heating demand, i.e., demand response (DR), in buildings, as well as its effects on the heating demand and the operation of a district heating (DH) system.
Abstract: Using an integrated demand-supply optimization model, this work investigates the potential for flexible space heating demand, i.e., demand response (DR), in buildings, as well as its effects on the heating demand and the operation of a district heating (DH) system. The work applies a building stock description, including both residential and non-residential buildings, and employs a representation of the current DH system of the city of Gothenburg, Sweden as a case study. The results indicate that space heating DR in buildings can have a significant impact on the cost-optimal heat supply of the city by smoothing variations in the system heat demand. DR implemented via indoor temperature deviations of as little as +1 °C can smoothen the short-term (daily) fluctuations in the system heating demand by up to 18% over a period of 1 year. The smoothening of the demand reduces the cost of heat generation, in that the heat supply and number of full-load hours of base-load heat generation units increase, while the number of starts for the peaking units decreases by more than 80%. DR through temperature deviations of +3 °C confers diminishing returns in terms of its effects on the heat demand, as compared to the DR via +1 °C.
18 citations
Cites background or methods from "The role of Swedish single-family d..."
...Thus, constraints, which are formul t d to estimate the space heating dema d in buildings i Reference [30], are refined and added to the formulation of the unit commitment model of a DH system described in Reference [31] to form a part of the total system heating load, as described below....
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...[29] and further refined by Nyholm [30]; and (ii) a dynamic unit commitment...
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...Thus, constraints, which are formulated to estimate the space heating demand in buildings in Reference [30], are refined and added to the formulation of the unit commitment model of a DH system described in Reference [31] to form a part of the total system heating load, as described below....
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01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the potential for a transformation of industrial firms' use of electricity, and a change in their role in the electricity system, as a part of a long-term transition towards a low-carbon Swedish economy.
Abstract: Trends visible today suggest that a transformation of industrial firms’ use of electricity, and a change in their role in the electricity system, could take place as a part of a long-term transition towards a low-carbon Swedish economy. The shape of these changes remains highly uncertain, but electrification, flexible electricity use, and emerging roles in the electricity system for industrial consumers are interdependent developments and should be investigated from a holistic perspective where possible.
Swedish industry is relatively energy intensive, and has stood for roughly 37% of the country’s electricity use for a decade. The Swedish Energy Agency’s Vivace scenario suggests that this share could expand, despite improved efficiency, to 49% by 2050. The increased use of electricity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and take advantage of market conditions would play out differently in different sectors, and depending on the development of different technologies. However large-scale opportunities may exist in the long-term, such as using electrolysis to produce hydrogen for replacing coke in the iron and steel industry and as a feedstock in the petrochemical industry.
Smaller-scale but still important options for electrification include electric/hybrid boilers in the pulp and paper industry and a variety of electro-thermal technologies for heating and drying.
Increased use of electricity in industry is likely to go hand-in-hand with increasingly flexible use of electricity. In some cases, such as the production of hydrogen or process media, this flexibility will be in-built since the storable energy carriers create new production planning options. In other cases, new approaches to planning, process design, and the use of automation may allow firms to match electricity use to favourable market conditions.
The expected high penetration of intermittent renewable electricity in the power system may create incentives for this flexibility. These incentives should appear on the wholesale market, in the form of high- and low-price periods. They may also appear via new capacity markets, or through markets for new system services needed to support stability in both transmission and distribution networks. The frameworks and regulations needed to create these markets are not yet in place, and firms will also need to develop technical and management capabilities to take advantage of them.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the cost-optimal mix of reduction in the space heating (SH) demand in buildings, achieved through investments in energy conservation measures (ECMs), and investments in the local district heating (DH) system.
12 citations
Cites background from "The role of Swedish single-family d..."
...qint b;t;y, q r b;t;y, and q cool b;t;y are defined in the invEBUC model as described elsewhere ([21,38]), and are, thus, implemented as exogenous parameters....
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References
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TL;DR: The electrical power industry is undergoing rapid change as discussed by the authors, and the major drivers that will determine the speed at which such transformations will occur will be the rising cost of energy, the mass electrification of everyday life, and climate change.
Abstract: Exciting yet challenging times lie ahead. The electrical power industry is undergoing rapid change. The rising cost of energy, the mass electrification of everyday life, and climate change are the major drivers that will determine the speed at which such transformations will occur. Regardless of how quickly various utilities embrace smart grid concepts, technologies, and systems, they all agree onthe inevitability of this massive transformation. It is a move that will not only affect their business processes but also their organization and technologies.
2,906 citations
"The role of Swedish single-family d..." refers background in this paper
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TL;DR: An overview and a taxonomy for DSM is given, the various types of DSM are analyzed, and an outlook on the latest demonstration projects in this domain is given.
Abstract: Energy management means to optimize one of the most complex and important technical creations that we know: the energy system. While there is plenty of experience in optimizing energy generation and distribution, it is the demand side that receives increasing attention by research and industry. Demand Side Management (DSM) is a portfolio of measures to improve the energy system at the side of consumption. It ranges from improving energy efficiency by using better materials, over smart energy tariffs with incentives for certain consumption patterns, up to sophisticated real-time control of distributed energy resources. This paper gives an overview and a taxonomy for DSM, analyzes the various types of DSM, and gives an outlook on the latest demonstration projects in this domain.
2,647 citations
"The role of Swedish single-family d..." refers background in this paper
...The concepts of prosumers (producing consumers) and demand-side management (DSM) have become popular recently [2]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the relevant issues and aims at providing a general definition for distributed power generation in competitive electricity markets are discussed, which can be defined as electric power generation within distribution networks or on the customer side of the network.
2,484 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a summary of demand response in deregulated electricity markets and highlight the most common indices used for DR measurement and evaluation, and some utilities' experiences with different demand response programs are discussed.
1,751 citations
"The role of Swedish single-family d..." refers background in this paper
...On a broad scale, DR can be divided into price-based programs and incentive-based programs [18, 19]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an up-to-date review of the various modeling techniques used for modeling residential sector energy consumption, focusing on the strengths, shortcomings and purposes.
Abstract: There is a growing interest in reducing energy consumption and the associated greenhouse gas emissions in every sector of the economy. The residential sector is a substantial consumer of energy in every country, and therefore a focus for energy consumption efforts. Since the energy consumption characteristics of the residential sector are complex and inter-related, comprehensive models are needed to assess the technoeconomic impacts of adopting energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies suitable for residential applications. The aim of this paper is to provide an up-to-date review of the various modeling techniques used for modeling residential sector energy consumption. Two distinct approaches are identified: top-down and bottom-up. The top-down approach treats the residential sector as an energy sink and is not concerned with individual end-uses. It utilizes historic aggregate energy values and regresses the energy consumption of the housing stock as a function of top-level variables such as macroeconomic indicators (e.g. gross domestic product, unemployment, and inflation), energy price, and general climate. The bottom-up approach extrapolates the estimated energy consumption of a representative set of individual houses to regional and national levels, and consists of two distinct methodologies: the statistical method and the engineering method. Each technique relies on different levels of input information, different calculation or simulation techniques, and provides results with different applicability. A critical review of each technique, focusing on the strengths, shortcomings and purposes, is provided along with a review of models reported in the literature.
1,748 citations
"The role of Swedish single-family d..." refers background in this paper
...Electricity demand models have been reviewed in several publications [34-37]....
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