The Scourge of Antibiotic Resistance: The Important Role of the Environment
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...Antibacterial agents have several routes of entry into the environment, such as sewage from the community or hospitals through manure and water bodies [17,18]....
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Cites background from "The Scourge of Antibiotic Resistanc..."
...Microorganisms (specifically, bacteria) do not live in isolation [4], but are found in milieu/medium (humans, air, water, plants, and soil) known as their habitat (aquatic ecosystem), which offers them with the appropriate nutritional and growth requirements necessary for survival....
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...It is somewhat obvious that the abundance and the mobility of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance determinants in the soil can be greatly influenced by the application of manure (containing antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and their resistance genes on mobile elements) during fertilization of the soil, the use of wastewater (black or grey water) for the irrigation of agricultural lands, and the use of antibiotics to treat crop diseases [4,223]....
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...Human activities in response to industrialization drastically heightened the availability of antibiotic residues in food and the environment, and the development and distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria along with their resistance genes, thus causing an increase in the abundance of resistant bacteria and genes [4]....
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References
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"The Scourge of Antibiotic Resistanc..." refers background in this paper
...dates antibiotic use in medicine and agriculture [10]....
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"The Scourge of Antibiotic Resistanc..." refers background in this paper
...well as the reverse; that is, emergence of novel mechanisms of acquired resistance in pathogens, genes that originally were present in harmless bacteria [51]....
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