The shape of two‐dimensional carbon black reflections
01 May 1966-Acta Crystallographica (International Union of Crystallography (IUCr))-Vol. 20, Iss: 5, pp 602-605
About: This article is published in Acta Crystallographica.The article was published on 1966-05-01. It has received 104 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Carbon black.
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TL;DR: In this article, the theoretical X-ray scattering intensities of carbons with AB-stacking and turbostratic stacking structures were simulated as a function of lattice constants and crystallite sizes using the Debye and Warren-Bodenstein equations, and the scale factor, K of the Scherrerr equation was also estimated.
208 citations
TL;DR: Ufer et al. as discussed by the authors used the Debye formula to describe X-ray powder pattern of turbostratically disor- dered layer compounds and applied it to real systems for smectite and corundum mixtures.
Abstract: We address the problem of the quantitative de- scription of X-ray powder pattern of turbostratically disor- dered layer compounds. The Debye formula is used, which allows the aperiodic description of any arrangement of atoms. With the extension of Yang and Frindt (1996) for the ideal turbostratic case, these calculations are used to gener- ate reference data that are subsequently treated by the Riet- veld method. We are able to show that the case of uncorre- lated turbostratic disorder can be modelled equally well in a periodic supercell approach with a single layer in the super- cell that is suitable for the Rietveld technique. A brief intro- duction of this new model was given as an oral contribution at EUROCLAY 2003 (Ufer et al., 2003). The fundamental principles are described in this article because of its com- plexity. The applicability of this approach to real systems is demonstrated for smectite and corundum mixtures.
150 citations
Cites methods from "The shape of two‐dimensional carbon..."
...Warren and Bodenstein (1966) also recognised these deviations by comparing this method with an earlier work where they had used the Debye formula (Debye, 1915) to simulate the powder patterns....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal properties were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, rheology and thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier infrared measurements were utilized to explain the lignin/TPU interactions which governed the thermal and rheological behavior of the blends.
Abstract: The production of carbon fibers based on lignin reduces the cost and the environmental impact associated with carbon fiber manufacturing. However, the melt processing of lignin as a carbon fiber precursor is challenging due to its brittleness and limited thermoplastic behavior. For this reason we produce biopolymer blends based on Alcell organosolv hardwood lignin, hydroxypropyl modified Kraft hardwood, and a thermoplastic elastomer polyurethane (TPU). Samples with TPU content greater than 30% showed excellent melt processability and carbonization yield (35% carbon yield for the samples containing 30% of TPU). The thermal properties were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, rheology and thermogravimetric analysis. Fourier infrared measurements were utilized to explain the lignin/TPU interactions which governed the thermal and rheological behavior of the blends. SEM analysis showed that the blends produce a homogeneous structure which was void free after carbonization. These structurally compleme...
125 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, X-ray diffractograms of about 20 coal-based graphites and carbons, with different degrees of graphitic order, have been modeled using the recent computational model of Shi et al.
121 citations