The SMARTS spectral irradiance model after 25 years: New developments and validation of reference spectra
TL;DR: The SMARTS spectral radiation model has been extensively used in the last 25 years as mentioned in this paper, and its main modeling algorithms, regarding both absorption and scattering from various atmospheric constituents are described, highlighting the new developments in the model's latest version (2.9.8).
About: This article is published in Solar Energy.The article was published on 2019-07-15. It has received 69 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Spectroradiometer & Literature survey.
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QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute1, Loyola University New Orleans2, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center3, United States Environmental Protection Agency4, University of Wollongong5, North Carolina State University6, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki7, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research8, Lancaster University9, Australian National University10, Garvan Institute of Medical Research11, University of Manchester12, University of Sydney13, Erasmus University Rotterdam14, King's College London15, University of Helsinki16, Murdoch University17, University College Cork18, University of Buenos Aires19, Miami University20, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute21, National Autonomous University of Mexico22, Linnaeus University23, University of Gothenburg24, National Cheng Kung University25, National Center for Atmospheric Research26, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology27, University of Guelph28, Leibniz Association29, Finnish Meteorological Institute30
TL;DR: The present 2017 Update Report assesses some of the highlights and new insights about the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change.
Abstract: This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595-828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.
193 citations
TL;DR: This work presents the Snow Property Inversion from Remote Sensing (SPIReS) approach, and discusses the applicability of this approach to any airborne or spaceborne multispectral sensor and options to further improve retrievals.
Abstract: Spectral mixture analysis has a history in mapping snow, especially where mixed pixels prevail. Using multiple spectral bands rather than band ratios or band indices, retrievals of snow properties that affect its albedo lead to more accurate estimates than widely used age-based models of albedo evolution. Nevertheless, there is substantial room for improvement. We present the Snow Property Inversion from Remote Sensing (SPIReS) approach, offering the following improvements: 1) Solutions for grain size and concentrations of light absorbing particles are computed simultaneously; 2) Only snow and snow-free endmembers are employed; 3) Cloud-masking and smoothing are integrated; 4) Similar spectra are grouped together and interpolants are used to reduce computation time. The source codes are available in an open repository. Computation is fast enough that users can process imagery on demand. Validation of retrievals from Landsat 8 operational land imager (OLI) and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) against WorldView-2/3 and the Airborne Snow Observatory shows accurate detection of snow and estimates of fractional snow cover. Validation of albedo shows low errors using terrain-corrected in situ measurements. We conclude by discussing the applicability of this approach to any airborne or spaceborne multispectral sensor and options to further improve retrievals.
31 citations
Cites methods from "The SMARTS spectral irradiance mode..."
...For the spectral distributions of Sλ and qλ, we apply the SMARTS model [50] with a mid-latitude winter atmosphere at 3000-m elevation and a rural aerosol specification....
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TL;DR: All major aspects pertaining to solar resource assessment and forecasting are discussed in brief and a catalog of some recent, and some not so recent, review papers are compiled so that the interested readers can explore the details on their own.
Abstract: China's recently announced directive on tackling climate change, namely, to reach carbon peak by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, has led to an unprecedented nationwide response among the academia and industry. Under such a directive, a rapid increase in the grid penetration rate of solar in the near future can be fully anticipated. Although solar radiation is an atmospheric process, its utilization, as to produce electricity, has hitherto been handled by engineers. In that, it is thought important to bridge the two fields, atmospheric sciences and solar engineering, for the common good of carbon neutrality. In this \"uberreview, all major aspects pertaining to solar resource assessment and forecasting are discussed in brief. Given the size of the topic at hand, instead of presenting technical details, which would be overly length and repetitive, the overarching goal is to comprehensively compile a catalog of some recent, and some not so recent, review papers, so that the interested readers can explore the details on their own.
31 citations
Cites background from "The SMARTS spectral irradiance mode..."
...For an all-inclusive compendium of applications of spectral irradiance, the reader is referred to Gueymard (2019)....
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...At the moment, the Simple Model of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine (SMARTS) model is arguably the most popular choice; its 25-year journey has been recently compiled by its inventor (Gueymard, 2019)....
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors reviewed the latest advances in separation modeling and found that the Yang4 model has the best overall performance, and thus is able to replace Engerer2 as the new quasi universal separation model.
Abstract: Separation models, which are used to split beam and diffuse irradiance components from the global one, constitute the largest class of radiation models. Over the years, there have been more than 150 models proposed, and public views on the ranking of these models have been divergent, due to the climate-, weather-, and sky-condition dependency in model performance. In a study conducted in 2016, 140 separation models have been validated using high-quality radiometry data from 54 research-grade stations worldwide, which offer an objective and comprehensive assessment of the then available models. It was found that the Engerer2 model had the best overall performance. Since 2016, numerous other models have been proposed, and most of them are able to claim superiority over Engerer2, once again making the question “what is the best separation model to date” relevant. On this point, this article first reviews these latest advances in separation modeling. Next, as to promote fair comparison, an exceedingly comprehensive benchmarking dataset, which consists of 5 years (2016–2020) of 1-min data, from 126 stations located in all 7 continents and on islands in all 4 oceans, is considered in the empirical part of the article. With this dataset, which has more than 80 million valid 1-min data points, 10 latest separation models with diverse modeling philosophies are compared. It is found that the Yang4 model has the best overall performance, and thus is able to replace Engerer2 as the new quasi-universal separation model.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of different generations of solar cells has been presented, highlighting the advancements in terms of architecture and compositional parameters, as well as the innovations done in improving solar cells.
Abstract: Abstract Rapid escalation in energy demand and pressure over finite fossil fuels reserves with augmenting urbanization and industrialization points towards adoption of cleaner, sustainable and eco-friendly sources to be employed. Solar cell devices known for efficient conversion of solar energy to electrical energy have been attracting scientific community due to their remarkable conformity with the principles of green chemistry. The future candidacy of solar cells is expressed by their efficient conversion. Such a great potential associated with solar cells has instigated research since many decades leading to the emergence of a wide myriad of solar cells devices with novel constituent materials, designs and architecture reflected in form of three generations of the solar cells. Considering the cleaner and sustainability aspects of the solar energy, current review has systematically compiled different generations of solar cells signifying the advancements in terms of architecture and compositional parameters. In addition to the chronological progression of solar cells, current review has also focused on the innovations done in improvement of solar cells. In terms of efficiency and stability, photovoltaic community is eager to achieve augmented efficiencies and stabilities for using solar cells as an alternative to the conventional fossil fuels.
18 citations
References
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TL;DR: The operation and philosophy of the monitoring system, the precision and accuracy of the measuring radiometers, a brief description of the processing system, and access to the database are discussed.
6,535 citations
TL;DR: An advanced, thoroughly documented, and quite general purpose discrete ordinate algorithm for time-independent transfer calculations in vertically inhomogeneous, nonisothermal, plane-parallel media for Atmospheric applications ranging from the UV to the radar region of the electromagnetic spectrum is summarized.
Abstract: The transfer of monochromatic radiation in a scattering, absorbing, and emitting plane-parallel medium with a specified bidirectional reflectivity at the lower boundary is considered. The equations and boundary conditions are summarized. The numerical implementation of the theory is discussed with attention given to the reliable and efficient computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Ways of avoiding fatal overflows and ill-conditioning in the matrix inversion needed to determine the integration constants are also presented.
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TL;DR: As part of a series of evaluated sets, rate constants and photochemical cross sections compiled by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation are provided in this article, with particular emphasis on the ozone layer and its possible perturbation by anthropogenic and natural phenomena.
Abstract: As part of a series of evaluated sets, rate constants and photochemical cross sections compiled by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation are provided. The primary application of the data is in the modeling of stratospheric processes, with particular emphasis on the ozone layer and its possible perturbation by anthropogenic and natural phenomena. Copies of this evaluation are available from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
3,218 citations