Book•
The Social Ecology of Resilience: A Handbook of Theory and Practice
08 Oct 2011-
TL;DR: Theory and Measurement of Resilience: Views from development as discussed by the authors is a theory and measurement of resilience, which is used to support and support resilience in children and families.
Abstract: I. Introduction to the Theory.-Social Ecologies and their Contribution to Resilience.-Resilience: Causal Pathways and Social Ecology.-Theory and Measurement of Resilience: Views from Development.-Resilience and Children's Work in Brazil: Lesson from Physics for Psychology.-II. Five Interviews.-An Interview with Macalane Malindi: The Impact of Education and Changing Social Policy on Resilience During Apartheid and Post-Apartheid in South Africa.-An Interview with Bill Strickland: How Community-based Adult Educational Facilities can Lift People out of Poverty in Urban America.-An Interview with Jude Simpson: Growing Beyond a Life of Abuse and Gang Involvement in New Zealand.-An Interview with Vicki Durrant: Creating a Community Program for High-Risk Aboriginal Youth in Canada's North.-An Interview with Arn Chorn-Pond: Helping Children in Cambodia Through the Revival of Traditional Music and Art.-III. The Individual (in context).-From Neurons to Social Context: Restoring Resilience as a Capacity for Good Survival.-Situating Resilience in Developmental Context.-Temporal and Contextual Dimensions to Individual Positive Development: A Developmental-Contextual Systems Model of Resilience.-Girls' Violence: Criminality or Resilience?-IV. The Family.-Facilitating Family Resilience: Relational Resources for Positive Youth Development in Conditions of Adversity.-Contexts of Vulnerability and Resilience: Childhood Maltreatment, Cognitive Functioning and Close Relationships.-Averting Child Maltreatment: Individual, Economic, Social and Community Resources that Promote Resilient Parenting.-Caring Relationships: How to Promote Resilience in Challenging Times.-Young People, Their Families and Social Supports: Understanding Resilience with Complexity Theory.-V. The School.-Local Resources and Distal Decisions: The Political Ecology of Resilience.-Caring Teachers: Teacher-youth Transactions to Promote Resilience.-Children with Disabilities and Supportive School Ecologies.-Resilience in Schools and Curriculum Design.-VI. The Community.-How Prior Social Ecologies Shape Family Resilience Amongst Refugees in U.S.Resettlement.-Young People, Sexual Orientation, and Resilience.-Community Resilience: Fostering Recovery, Sustainability, and Growth.-The Social Ecology of Resilience in War-Affected Youth: A Longitudinal Study from Sierra Leone.-Traveling Through Social Support and Youth Civic Action on a Journey Towards Resilience.-VII. Culture.-Understanding Culture and Resilience: The Production of Hope.- Case Study: Promoting Community Resilience with Local Values? Greenland's Paamiut Asasara.-Toward an Ecology of Stories: Indigenous Perspectives on Resilience.-Macro, Meso and Micro Perspectives of Resilience During and After Exposure to War.-Predictors of resilient psychosocial functioning in Western Australian Aboriginal Young People Exposed to High Family-level Risk
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TL;DR: In this paper, inspired by the plenary panel at the 2013 meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Steven Southwick and multidisciplinary panelists tackle some of the most pressing current questions in the field of resilience research including how do the authors define resilience, what are the most important determinants of resilience, and how are new technologies informing the science of resilience?
Abstract: In this paper, inspired by the plenary panel at the 2013 meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Dr. Steven Southwick (chair) and multidisciplinary panelists Drs. George Bonanno, Ann Masten, Catherine Panter-Brick, and Rachel Yehuda tackle some of the most pressing current questions in the field of resilience research including: (1) how do we define resilience, (2) what are the most important determinants of resilience, (3) how are new technologies informing the science of resilience, and (4) what are the most effective ways to enhance resilience? These multidisciplinary experts provide insight into these difficult questions, and although each of the panelists had a slightly different definition of resilience, most of the proposed definitions included a concept of healthy, adaptive, or integrated positive functioning over the passage of time in the aftermath of adversity. The panelists agreed that resilience is a complex construct and it may be defined differently in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures. With regard to the determinants of resilience, there was a consensus that the empirical study of this construct needs to be approached from a multiple level of analysis perspective that includes genetic, epigenetic, developmental, demographic, cultural, economic, and social variables. The empirical study of determinates of resilience will inform efforts made at fostering resilience, with the recognition that resilience may be enhanced on numerous levels (e.g., individual, family, community, culture). Keywords: Resilience; stress; trauma; post-traumatic stress disorder Responsible Editors: Ananda Amstadter, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, VA, USA; Nicole Nugent, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, RI, USA. This paper is part of the Special Issue: Resilience and Trauma . More papers from this issue can be found at http://www.eurojnlofpsychotraumatol.net (Published: 1 October 2014) Citation: European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2014, 5 : 25338 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
1,358 citations
Cites background from "The Social Ecology of Resilience: A..."
...There is a huge literature now on the topic of resilience in children and youth (e.g., Cicchetti, 2010, 2013; Masten, 2011, 2014a, 2014b; Panter-Brick & Leckman, 2013; Ungar, 2008, 2012; Ungar, Ghazinour & Richter, 2013)....
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TL;DR: Evidence on turning point effects associated with experiences that increase opportunities and enhance coping and Gene–environment interaction findings are considered, and it is noted that there is some evidence that the genetic influences concerns responsivity to all environments and not just bad ones.
Abstract: The concept of resilience has as its starting point the recognition that there is huge heterogeneity in people's responses to all manner of environmental adversities. Resilience is an inference based on evidence that some individuals have a better outcome than others who have experienced a comparable level of adversity; moreover, the negative experience may have either a sensitizing effect or a strengthening "steeling" effect in relation to the response to later stress or adversity. After noting the crucial importance of first testing for the environmental mediation of risk through "natural experiments," findings are reviewed on "steeling effects" in animal models and humans. Gene-environment interaction findings are considered, and it is noted that there is some evidence that the genetic influences concerns responsivity to all environments and not just bad ones. Life course effects are reviewed in relation to evidence on turning point effects associated with experiences that increase opportunities and enhance coping. Attention is drawn to both research implications and substantive findings as features that foster resilience.
1,152 citations
TL;DR: Progress and issues in research that aims to understand variations in human adaptation to adverse experiences are highlighted, and developmental scientists are urged to engage in international efforts to promote resilience.
Abstract: Global concerns about the consequences of disasters, political violence, disease, malnutrition, maltreatment, and other threats to human development and well-being have sparked a surge of international interest in resilience science This article highlights progress and issues in research that aims to understand variations in human adaptation to adverse experiences Two key questions are considered: Why is a new wave of global research on resilience important for developmental science? and Why is developmental science important for global resilience? The conclusion calls for developmental scientists to engage in international efforts to promote resilience
941 citations
Cites background from "The Social Ecology of Resilience: A..."
...There is greater attention to cultural practices, including religion, that may foster resilience in individuals and communities (see Ungar, 2012)....
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...Global research on competence and resilience indicates both commonalities and variation in these criteria (McCormick et al., 2011; Ungar, 2012)....
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...Their work is yielding a rich body of qualitative and quantitative data that expands and challenges resilience theory (see Ungar, 2012; Ungar et al., 2013)....
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TL;DR: The Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28) as discussed by the authors is an international team of investigators in 11 countries have worked collaboratively to develop a culturally and contextually relevant measure of youth resilience.
Abstract: An international team of investigators in 11 countries have worked collaboratively to develop a culturally and contextually relevant measure of youth resilience, the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28). The team used a mixed methods design that facilitated understanding of both common and unique aspects of resilience across cultures. Quantitative and qualitative stages to its development ensure the CYRM-28 has good content-related validity across research sites. Crossover comparison analyses of the findings from the quantitative administration of the pilot measure with 1,451 youth and qualitative interviews with 89 youth support the CYRM-28 as a culturally sensitive measure of youth resilience. The implications of this mixed methods approach to the development of measures for cross-cultural research are discussed.
536 citations
Cites background from "The Social Ecology of Resilience: A..."
...…by McCubbin et al. (1998), the study of individual resilience and its resulting shift in focus from psychopathology to the protective processes that are associated with positive development has occurred with relatively little attention to cultural and contextual differences (Ungar, 2011)....
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TL;DR: In this article, student engagement research, policy, and practice must become more nuanced and less formulaic, and the ensuing review is structured accordingly, guided in part by social-ecological analysis and social-cultural theory.
Abstract: Student engagement research, policy, and practice are even more important in today’s race-to-the top policy environment. With a priority goal of postsecondary completion with advanced competence, today’s students must be engaged longer and more deeply. This need is especially salient for students attending schools located in segregated, high-poverty neighborhoods and isolated rural communities. Here, engagement research, policy, and practice must become more nuanced and less formulaic, and the ensuing review is structured accordingly. Guided in part by social-ecological analysis and social-cultural theory, engagement is conceptualized as a dynamic system of social and psychological constructs as well as a synergistic process. This conceptualization invites researchers, policymakers, and school-community leaders to develop improvement models that provide a more expansive, engagement-focused reach into students’ family, peer, and neighborhood ecologies.
528 citations
Cites background from "The Social Ecology of Resilience: A..."
...When New Frameworks for Student Engagement examined holistically and inclusively, they frame a social-ecological view of student engagement, one that closely mirrors Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) classic, ecological systems framework and today’s social ecological theory (Ungar, 2011)....
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...441 examined holistically and inclusively, they frame a social-ecological view of student engagement, one that closely mirrors Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) classic, ecological systems framework and today’s social ecological theory (Ungar, 2011)....
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References
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TL;DR: For couples coping with lung cancer, the initial treatment period may be an important time that sets the tone for future spousal interactions, and engaging in relationship maintenance during this stressful time may help mold more resilient relationships and facilitate adjustment as the disease progresses.
Abstract: Objective: Relationship maintenance strategies help to ensure the continuation of valued relationships by keeping them at a certain level of intimacy. This study evaluated how lung cancer patients’ and spouses’ efforts to maintain their relationships affected their psychological and marital adjustment over time. Design: Psychosocial questionnaires were administered within 1 month of lung cancer treatment initiation (baseline) and 3 and 6 months later to 158 lung cancer patients and their spouses. Main Outcome Measures: Study outcomes were global severity index scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory, and total scores on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Results: Multilevel modeling analyses using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model showed that, regardless of gender or social role (i.e., patient or spouse), individuals who engaged in the strategies of positivity, networks, and shared tasks reported less distress at baseline than other participants. Over time, the effects of providing more assurances and experiencing a partner’s increased reliance on social networks differed: patient distress was exacerbated, and spouse distress was alleviated. Couples where both partners engaged in more frequent maintenance behaviors reported greater dyadic adjustment at baseline and over time. Conclusion: For couples coping with lung cancer, the initial treatment period may be an important time that sets the tone for future spousal interactions. Engaging in relationship maintenance during this stressful time may help mold more resilient relationships and facilitate adjustment as the disease progresses.
141 citations
TL;DR: Results showed that the association between relationship talk and dyadic adjustment was stronger for women than for men and for couples with an ill spouse than for couples where both spouses were healthy.
Abstract: Relationship talk involves talking about the nature and state of one's relationship. To determine the effectiveness of talking about the relationship when one spouse has a chronic illness, the study involved completion of a confidential questionnaire by 182 married couples. Ninety of these were couples in which both partners were healthy, and 92 were couples in which one spouse had a chronic illness. Results of multilevel modeling analyses showed that the association between relationship talk and dyadic adjustment was stronger for women than for men and for couples with an ill spouse than for couples where both spouses were healthy. These findings highlight the importance of taking a relationship perspective and suggest that relationship talk is a potentially useful tool couples can use in their repertoire of relationship-enhancing behaviors during chronic illness.
82 citations