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The social psychology of race relations
01 Jan 1971-
About: The article was published on 1971-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 33 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Ingroups and outgroups & Asian psychology.
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TL;DR: A justification-suppression model is proposed, which characterizes the processes that lead to prejudice expression and the experience of one's own prejudice, and suggests that "genuine" prejudices are not directly expressed but are restrained by beliefs, values, and norms that suppress them.
Abstract: The authors propose a justification-suppression model (JSM), which characterizes the processes that lead to prejudice expression and the experience of one's own prejudice. They suggest that "genuine" prejudices are not directly expressed but are restrained by beliefs, values, and norms that suppress them. Prejudices are expressed when justifications (e.g., attributions, ideologies, stereotypes) release suppressed prejudices. The same process accounts for which prejudices are accepted into the self-concept The JSM is used to organize the prejudice literature, and many empirical findings are recharacterized as factors affecting suppression or justification, rather than directly affecting genuine prejudice. The authors discuss the implications of the JSM for several topics, including prejudice measurement, ambivalence, and the distinction between prejudice and its expression.
957 citations
Cites background from "The social psychology of race relat..."
...Experience with a social group can lead to prejudice against it (Amir, 1976; Bloom, 1971)....
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...All of the theories we have reviewed can be reduced to the following structure....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the author argues that only by defying the taboo can sociology expose the hidden injuries of racism and the subtle mechanisms that sustain White privilege, and draws on critical social theory to examine reasons for the taboo.
Abstract: Despite sociology's longstanding interest in inequality, the internalization of racial oppression among the racially subordinated and its contribution to the reproduction of racial inequality has been largely ignored, reflecting a taboo on the subject. Consequently, internalized racism remains one of the most neglected and misunderstood components of racism. In this article, the author argues that only by defying the taboo can sociology expose the hidden injuries of racism and the subtle mechanisms that sustain White privilege. After reviewing the concept and providing examples of the phenomenon, the author draws on critical social theory to examine reasons for the taboo, such as a theoretical fixation on resistance, a penchant for racial essentialism, and the limitations of an identity politics. The author concludes by offering a method for studying internalized racism and resistance concurrently within the matrix of intersecting forms of oppression.
318 citations
TL;DR: The adjustment model is rejected on the grounds that exposure to a second culture is essentially a learning process, in particular acquiring the social skills of the new culture as mentioned in this paper, which stigmatizes those experiencing difficulties in adjusting.
Abstract: Persons exposed to novel and unfamiliar cultural environments include migrants, foreign students, refugees, tourists, business persons, international guest workers. Coping with unfamiliar cultures has been regarded in the literature as a matter of adjusting the “culture travellers” to their new cultures, within a clinical framework based on the assumption that sojourning in foreign places causes “culture shock.” The adjustment model is rejected on the grounds that exposure to a second culture is essentially a learning process, in particular acquiring the social skills of the new culture. Emphasizing intra-psychic determinants of behaviour stigmatizes those experiencing difficulties in “adjusting.” A culture learning formulation avoids implications of relative culture superiority, assimilation, and culture erosion inherent in the concept of adjustment. The culture learning model also has specific implications for the design, implementation and evaluation of culture training programs, particularly ...
180 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that international houses are not overly successful in facilitating the creation of bonds between foreign students and host nationals, and that only 17% of the friends of the foreign students were English, and only 26% of English students were foreign.
Abstract: Twenty-three overseas and nine English residents of an Oxford student residence were asked to name their three best friends in England. Only 17% of the friends of the foreign students were English, and only 26% of the friends of the English students were foreign. These results are consistent with previous findings that international houses are not overly successful in facilitating the creation of bonds between foreign students and host nationals.
145 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the results of tourist-host contact in specific situations that combine work activities and the consumption of tourism and found that those who perceive their work situation as a means to continue their travel are less likely to have positive attitudes about their hosts than others who grasp their work situations as part of their experience.
109 citations