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Journal ArticleDOI

The Sol-Gel Process

19 Jun 1990-ChemInform (WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH)-Vol. 21, Iss: 25
About: This article is published in ChemInform.The article was published on 1990-06-19. It has received 361 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The unique properties and niche applications of the hollow structures in diverse fields, including micro-/nanocontainers and reactors, optical properties and applications, magnetic properties, energy storage, catalysis, biomedical applications, environmental remediation, and sensors are discussed.
Abstract: In this Review, we aim to provide an updated summary of the research related to hollow micro- and nanostructures, covering both their synthesis and their applications. After a brief introduction to the definition and classification of the hollow micro-/nanostructures, we discuss various synthetic strategies that can be grouped into three major categories, including hard templating, soft templating, and self-templating synthesis. For both hard and soft templating strategies, we focus on how different types of templates are generated and then used for creating hollow structures. At the end of each section, the structural and morphological control over the product is discussed. For the self-templating strategy, we survey a number of unconventional synthetic methods, such as surface-protected etching, Ostwald ripening, the Kirkendall effect, and galvanic replacement. We then discuss the unique properties and niche applications of the hollow structures in diverse fields, including micro-/nanocontainers and rea...

1,135 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis of silica nanoparticles, characterization on size-dependent properties, and surface modification for the preparation of homogeneous nanocomposites, generally by sol-gel technique are discussed.
Abstract: Application of silica nanoparticles as fillers in the preparation of nanocomposite of polymers has drawnmuch attention, due to the increased demand for new materials with improved thermal, mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Recent developments in the synthesis of monodispersed, narrow-size distribution of nanoparticles by sol-gel method provide significant boost to development of silica-polymer nanocomposites. This paper is written by emphasizing on the synthesis of silica nanoparticles, characterization on size-dependent properties, and surface modification for the preparation of homogeneous nanocomposites, generally by sol-gel technique. The effect of nanosilica on the properties of various types of silica-polymer composites is also summarized.

840 citations


Cites background from "The Sol-Gel Process"

  • ...In addition, the polycondensation reactions between the silanol groups have been reported to increase in presence of water and catalyst [13, 16]....

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  • ...Also, the intense ageing process that occurs during the drying of sol can lead to complex agglomeration behavior arising from polycondensation reactions [13]....

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  • ...Works on the drying of silica gels can be found in various review papers and books [6, 13, 16]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recent progress in developing methods for preparing lanthanide-activated phosphors, especially those featuring 4f-5d optical transitions, are reviewed, with particular attention given to two widely studied dopants, Ce3+ and Eu2+.
Abstract: The synthesis of lanthanide-activated phosphors is pertinent to many emerging applications, ranging from high-resolution luminescence imaging to next-generation volumetric full-color display. In particular, the optical processes governed by the 4f-5d transitions of divalent and trivalent lanthanides have been the key to enabling precisely tuned color emission. The fundamental importance of lanthanide-activated phosphors for the physical and biomedical sciences has led to rapid development of novel synthetic methodologies and relevant tools that allow for probing the dynamics of energy transfer processes. Here, we review recent progress in developing methods for preparing lanthanide-activated phosphors, especially those featuring 4f-5d optical transitions. Particular attention will be devoted to two widely studied dopants, Ce3+ and Eu2+. The nature of the 4f-5d transition is examined by combining phenomenological theories with quantum mechanical calculations. An emphasis is placed on the correlation of hos...

644 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A more detailed description of the biomedical areas where sol-gel materials have been explored and found to hold significant potential is given in this paper, where a generalized description of various solgel methods available and how these chemistries control the bulk properties of the end products is presented.

582 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work reviews the synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals/colloidal quantum dots in organic solvents with special emphasis on earth-abundant and toxic heavy metal free compounds and a comprehensive overview on toxicity studies concerning all types of quantum dots.
Abstract: We review the synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals/colloidal quantum dots in organic solvents with special emphasis on earth-abundant and toxic heavy metal free compounds. Following the Introduction, section 2 defines the terms related to the toxicity of nanocrystals and gives a comprehensive overview on toxicity studies concerning all types of quantum dots. Section 3 aims at providing the reader with the basic concepts of nanocrystal synthesis. It starts with the concepts currently used to describe the nucleation and growth of monodisperse particles and next takes a closer look at the chemistry of the inorganic core and its interactions with surface ligands. Section 4 reviews in more detail the synthesis of different families of semiconductor nanocrystals, namely elemental group IV compounds (carbon nanodots, Si, Ge), III–V compounds (e.g., InP, InAs), and binary and multinary metal chalcogenides. Finally, the authors’ view on the perspectives in this field is given.

438 citations

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3,811 citations