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The solubility of non-electrolytes

TL;DR: Hildebrand's book is an exception as mentioned in this paper, since the reviewer has taken the opportunity to renew his acquaintance with the earlier as well as the later text, and has found this to be a most interesting experience, since the book is full of matter which is not dealt with adequately in the ordinary text-books of physical chemistry.
Abstract: AbstractIT is not often that a reviewer, who has read through the first edition of a book, finds it worth while to do more than glance through a second edition, in order to discover and review the new sections that have been introduced. Prof. Hildebrand's book is an exception, since the reviewer has taken the opportunity to renew his acquaintance with the earlier as well as the later text, and has found this to be a most interesting experience, since the book is full of matter which is not dealt with adequately (and indeed appears to have been largely overlooked) in the ordinary text-books of physical chemistry.Solubility of Non-Electrolytes By Prof. Joel H. Hildebrand. (American Chemical Society Monograph Series, No. 17.) Second edition. Pp. 203. (New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation; London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1936.) 22s. 6d. net.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a statistical treatment of high polymer solutions has been carried out on the basis of an idealized model, originally proposed by Meyer, which is analogous to the one ordinarily assumed in the derivation of the ''ideal'' solution laws for molecules of equal size.
Abstract: A statistical mechanical treatment of high polymer solutions has been carried out on the basis of an idealized model, originally proposed by Meyer, which is analogous to the one ordinarily assumed in the derivation of the ``ideal'' solution laws for molecules of equal size. There is obtained for the entropy of mixing of n solvent and N linear polymer molecules (originally disoriented), ΔS=−k[(n/β) ln v1+N ln v2] where v1 and v2 are volume fractions and β is the number of solvent molecules replaceable by a freely orienting segment of the polymer chain. This expression is similar in form to the classical expression for equal‐sized molecules, mole fractions having been replaced by volume fractions. When the disparity between the sizes of the two components is great, this expression gives entropies differing widely from the classical values, which accounts for the large deviations of high polymer solutions from ``ideal'' behavior. The entropy of disorientation of a perfectly arranged linear polymer is found t...

3,513 citations

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TL;DR: The present kinetic results are interpreted as representing a great specificity of carbonic anhydrase for the binding of its substrate CO2, and it is proposed that the enzyme-catalyzed hydration of CO2 requires, not only water activation by a basic group, but also charge neutralization in the transition state by an electron acceptor function.

1,654 citations

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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the processing, structure, and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with respective layered silicates, ceramic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes is presented.
Abstract: Recently, polymer nanocomposites reinforced with lower volume fraction of nanoceramics and carbon nanotubes have attracted steadily growing interest due to their peculiar and fascinating properties as well as their unique applications in commercial sectors. The incorporation of nanoceramics such as layered silicate clays, calcium carbonate or silica nanoparticles arranged on the nanometer scale with a high aspect ratio and/or an extremely large surface area into polymers improves their mechanical performances significantly. The properties of nanocomposites depend greatly on the chemistry of polymer matrices, nature of nanofillers, and the way in which they are prepared. The uniform dispersion of nanofillers in the polymer matrices is a general prerequisite for achieving desired mechanical and physical characteristics. In this review article, current development on the processing, structure, and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with respective layered silicates, ceramic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes will be addressed. Particular attention is paid on the structure–property relationship of such novel high-performance polymer nanocomposites.

1,346 citations

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an updated overview on the principal applications of two clean processes, supercritical fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction, used to isolate natural products from different raw materials, such as plants, food by-products, algae and microalgae.

1,090 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a semi-empirical model of alloy cohesion involving two material constants for each element is introduced by means of the physical ideas underlying the scheme and the resulting expressions for the heat of formation of binary alloys are presented and their applicability in various extreme situations is discussed.
Abstract: A semi-empirical model of alloy cohesion involving two material constants for each element is introduced by means of the physical ideas underlying the scheme The resulting expressions for the heat of formation of binary alloys are presented and their applicability in various extreme situations is discussed The model is shown to reproduce a vast amount of experimental information on the sign of heats of formation Detailed comparison with experiment for particular classes of alloys will be presented in the sequels to this paper

932 citations